Cure shrinkage characterization and modeling of a polyester resin containing low profile additives

• Published in: Composites. Part A, Applied science and manufacturing Vol. 38; no. 3; pp. 994 - 1009
• Main Authors: Haider, Mohsan, Hubert, Pascal, Lessard, Larry
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.03.2007; Elsevier
• Subjects: Applied sciences; B. Curing-chemical shrinkage; B. Rheological properties; Composites; D. Thermal analysis; E. Resin transfer moulding (RTM); Exact sciences and technology; Forms of application and semi-finished materials; Polymer industry, paints, wood; Technology of polymers; D. Thermal analysis; E. Resin transfer moulding (RTM); B. Rheological properties; B. Curing-chemical shrinkage; Temperature effect; Methyl methacrylate polymer; Dispersion reinforced material; Transfer molding; Modeling; Composite material; Additive; Curing(plastics); Processing parameter; Vinyl ester polymer; Ester polymer; Shrinkage; Experimental study; Vinyl acetate polymer; Manufacturing defect; Surface defect; Morphology; Calcium carbonate; Concentration effect; Kinetics; Unsaturated polymer; Rheological properties
• ISSN: 1359-835X; 1878-5840
• DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.06.020

Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) has great potential as an efficient and economical process for fabricating large and complicated composite structural components. The low capital investment cost required and process versatility in component integration and assembly make RTM very attractive for high volume automotive applications. One of the challenges facing the automotive field is the resulting surface finish of manufactured components. The shrinkage associated with the curing of thermoset resins contributes to the poor surface quality. Low profile additives (LPA) are added to the resin to compensate for the cure shrinkage; however their effects on the thermal, rheological and morphological properties of polyester resins are not well understood. In this paper, the effect of LPA on cure kinetics, cure shrinkage and viscosity of a polyester resin is studied through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and special rheological techniques. Models are developed to predict cure shrinkage, LPA expansion, cure kinetics and viscosity variations of the resin as a function of processing temperature. Finally, morphological changes in the resin with and without LPA, during isothermal cure, are studied with hot stage optical microscopy. The results show that the LPA content in the range tested had no significant effect on the cure kinetics. However, higher LPA content reduced cure rate and cure shrinkage. A minimum of 10% LPA was required to compensate for cure shrinkage. Shrinkage behavior of all formulations was similar until a degree-of-cure of 0.5. However, resin formulations with higher LPA content showed expansion at later stages during curing.