Smart Nanoplatforms Responding to the Tumor Microenvironment for Precise Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy

• Published in: International journal of nanomedicine Vol. 19; pp. 6253 - 6277
• Main Authors: Wang, Yujie, Deng, Tingting, Liu, Xi, Fang, Xueyang, Mo, Yongpan, Xie, Ni, Nie, Guohui, Zhang, Bin, Fan, Xiaoqin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New Zealand Dove 01.01.2024; Dove Medical Press
• Subjects: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents - administration & dosage; Antineoplastic Agents - chemistry; Antineoplastic Agents - pharmacology; cancer therapy; drug delivery; Drug Delivery Systems - methods; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; intelligent biomedicine; Nanoparticles - chemistry; Neoplasms - drug therapy; Review; stimulus-responsive; tumor microenvironment; Tumor Microenvironment - drug effects; intelligent biomedicine; cancer therapy; drug delivery; tumor microenvironment; stimulus-responsive
• ISSN: 1178-2013; 1176-9114; 1178-2013
• DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S459710

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and dynamic entity, comprising stromal cells, immune cells, blood vessels and extracellular matrix, which is intimately associated with the occurrence and development of cancers, as well as their therapy. Utilizing the shared characteristics of tumors, such as an acidic environment, enzymes and hypoxia, researchers have developed a promising cancer therapy strategy known as responsive release of nano-loaded drugs, specifically targeted at tumor tissues or cells. In this comprehensive review, we provide an in-depth overview of the current fundamentals and state-of-the-art intelligent strategies of TME-responsive nanoplatforms, which include acidic pH, high GSH levels, high-level adenosine triphosphate, overexpressed enzymes, hypoxia and reductive environment. Additionally, we showcase the latest advancements in TME-responsive nanoparticles. In conclusion, we thoroughly examine the immediate challenges and prospects of TME-responsive nanopharmaceuticals, with the expectation that the progress of these targeted nanoformulations will enable the exploitation, overcoming or modulation of the TME, ultimately leading to significantly more effective cancer therapy.