Hypoxia-induced tracheal elasticity in vector beetle facilitates the loading of pinewood nematode

• Published in: eLife Vol. 12
• Main Authors: Tang, Xuan, Zhou, Jiao, Koski, Tuuli-Marjaana, Liu, Shiyao, Zhao, Lilin, Sun, Jianghua
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd 30.03.2023; eLife Sciences Publications Ltd
• Subjects: Animals; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; Coleoptera - physiology; Developmental Biology; hypoxia; Insect Vectors; Microbiology and Infectious Disease; Monochamus alternatus; Muc91C; Nematoda; pine sawyer beetle; pinewood nematode; Pinus - physiology; pine sawyer beetle; hypoxia; Monochamus alternatus; Muc91C; infectious disease; developmental biology; microbiology; pinewood nematode; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
• ISSN: 2050-084X; 2050-084X
• DOI: 10.7554/eLife.84621

Many pathogens rely on their insect vectors for transmission. Such pathogens are under selection to improve vector competence for their transmission by employing various tissue or cellular responses of vectors. However, whether pathogens can actively cause hypoxia in vectors and exploit hypoxia responses to promote their vector competence is still unknown. Fast dispersal of pinewood nematode (PWN), the causal agent for the destructive pine wilt disease and subsequent infection of pine trees, is characterized by the high vector competence of pine sawyer beetles ( spp.), and a single beetle can harbor over 200,000 PWNs in its tracheal system. Here, we demonstrate that PWN loading activates hypoxia in tracheal system of the vector beetles. Both PWN loading and hypoxia enhanced tracheal elasticity and thickened the apical extracellular matrix (aECM) of the tracheal tubes while a notable upregulated expression of a resilin-like mucin protein Muc91C was observed at the aECM layer of PWN-loaded and hypoxic tracheal tubes. RNAi knockdown of reduced tracheal elasticity and aECM thickness under hypoxia conditions and thus decreasing PWN loading. Our study suggests a crucial role of hypoxia-induced developmental responses in shaping vector tolerance to the pathogen and provides clues for potential molecular targets to control pathogen dissemination.