Role of geochemical protoenzymes (geozymes) in primordial metabolism: specific abiotic hydride transfer by metals to the biological redox cofactor NAD

• Published in: The FEBS journal Vol. 289; no. 11; pp. 3148 - 3162
• Main Authors: Henriques Pereira, Delfina P., Leethaus, Jana, Beyazay, Tugce, Nascimento Vieira, Andrey, Kleinermanns, Karl, Tüysüz, Harun, Martin, William F., Preiner, Martina
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.06.2022; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: Cobalt; cofactors; electron donors; Geochemistry; Heavy metals; Heavy water; Henrys law; Hydrides; hydrogen; Hydrogen - metabolism; Hydrogenase; Hydrogenase - chemistry; Hydrogenase - metabolism; Hydrothermal systems; Iron; Iron - metabolism; Metabolism; Metals; Microbial activity; Microorganisms; Minerals; NAD; NAD - metabolism; NADH; Nickel; Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; origin of life; Original; Oxidation-Reduction; Partial pressure; reduction; serpentinizing systems; Water; NADH; origin of life; hydrogenase; hydrogen; cofactors; reduction; serpentinizing systems; electron donors
• ISSN: 1742-464X; 1742-4658; 1742-4658
• DOI: 10.1111/febs.16329

Hydrogen gas, H2, is generated in serpentinizing hydrothermal systems, where it has supplied electrons and energy for microbial communities since there was liquid water on Earth. In modern metabolism, H2 is converted by hydrogenases into organically bound hydrides (H–), for example, the cofactor NADH. It transfers hydrides among molecules, serving as an activated and biologically harnessed form of H2. In serpentinizing systems, minerals can also bind hydrides and could, in principle, have acted as inorganic hydride donors—possibly as a geochemical protoenzyme, a ‘geozyme’— at the origin of metabolism. To test this idea, we investigated the ability of H2 to reduce NAD+ in the presence of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni), metals that occur in serpentinizing systems. In the presence of H2, all three metals specifically reduce NAD+ to the biologically relevant form, 1,4‐NADH, with up to 100% conversion rates within a few hours under alkaline aqueous conditions at 40 °C. Using Henry's law, the partial pressure of H2 in our reactions corresponds to 3.6 mm, a concentration observed in many modern serpentinizing systems. While the reduction of NAD+ by Ni is strictly H2‐dependent, experiments in heavy water (2H2O) indicate that native Fe can reduce NAD+ both with and without H2. The results establish a mechanistic connection between abiotic and biotic hydride donors, indicating that geochemically catalysed, H2‐dependent NAD+ reduction could have preceded the hydrogenase‐dependent reaction in evolution. H2 is an important electron and energy donor in modern metabolism. But in order to be accessible, it needs to be transformed into an organically bound form, for example, a molecule called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. This transformation is performed by an enzyme (hydrogenase), but we show it can also be done by metals (‘geozyme’). This might have been a predecessor of enzymes during the emergence of life.