Prostate cancer cells demonstrate unique metabolism and substrate adaptability acutely after androgen deprivation therapy

• Published in: The Prostate Vol. 82; no. 16; pp. 1547 - 1557
• Main Authors: Filon, Mikolaj J., Gillette, Amani A., Yang, Bing, Khemees, Tariq A., Skala, Melissa C., Jarrard, David F.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.12.2022; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: Acidification; Adaptability; Androgen Antagonists - pharmacology; Androgen Antagonists - therapeutic use; androgen deprivation therapy; Androgens; Androgens - metabolism; Apoptosis; Cell death; Cell Line, Tumor; Electron transport chain; Energy metabolism; Fatty Acids; Glutamine; Glycolysis; Humans; Intermediates; Male; Mass spectrometry; Mass spectroscopy; Metabolic pathways; Metabolism; optical metabolic imaging; Original; Oxygen consumption; Phenotypes; Pheochromocytoma cells; Prostate cancer; Prostatic Neoplasms - pathology; Scientific imaging; Stress response; Tumors; androgen deprivation therapy; mass spectrometry; prostate cancer; metabolism; optical metabolic imaging
• ISSN: 0270-4137; 1097-0045
• DOI: 10.1002/pros.24428

Background Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been the standard of care for advanced hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer (PC), yet tumors invariably develop resistance resulting in castrate‐resistant PC. The acute response of cancer cells to ADT includes apoptosis and cell death, but a large fraction remains arrested but viable. In this study, we focused on intensively characterizing the early metabolic changes that result after ADT to define potential metabolic targets for treatment. Methods A combination of mass spectrometry, optical metabolic imaging which noninvasively measures drug responses in cells, oxygen consumption rate, and protein expression analysis was used to characterize and block metabolic pathways over several days in multiple PC cell lines with variable hormone response status including ADT sensitive lines LNCaP and VCaP, and resistant C4‐2 and DU145. Results Mass spectrometry analysis of LNCaP pre‐ and postexposure to ADT revealed an abundance of glycolytic intermediates after ADT. In LNCaP and VCaP, a reduction in the optical redox ratio [NAD(P)H/FAD], extracellular acidification rate, and a downregulation of key regulatory enzymes for fatty acid and glutamine utilization was acutely observed after ADT. Screening several metabolic inhibitors revealed that blocking fatty acid oxidation and synthesis reversed this stress response in the optical redox ratio seen with ADT alone in LNCaP and VCaP. In contrast, both cell lines demonstrated increased sensitivity to the glycolytic inhibitor 2‐Deoxy‐ d‐glucose(2‐DG) and maintained sensitivity to electron transport chain inhibitor Malonate after ADT exposure. ADT followed by 2‐DG results in synergistic cell death, a result not seen with simultaneous administration. Conclusions Hormone‐sensitive PC cells displayed altered metabolic profiles early after ADT including an overall depression in energy metabolism, induction of a quiescent/senescent phenotype, and sensitivity to selected metabolic inhibitors. Glycolytic blocking agents (e.g., 2‐DG) as a sequential treatment after ADT may be promising.