The evolution of Earth Observation satellites in Europe and its impact on the performance of emergency response services

• Published in: Acta astronautica Vol. 127; pp. 619 - 633
• Main Authors: Denis, Gil, de Boissezon, Hélène, Hosford, Steven, Pasco, Xavier, Montfort, Bruno, Ranera, Franck
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 01.10.2016
• Subjects: Copernicus; Disaster management; Earth Observation; Emergency management; Emergency response; Evolution; International Charter; Mathematical models; Missions; Operators; Rapid mapping; Reactive imagery; Satellites; Asia; ANE, Europe; DG; DPN; SAR; CNES; Emergency response; Rapid mapping; ADRC; HR; UAV; FS; SA; JPT; PPP; NRT; ESA; CDS; DWH; IDP; SAARC; SAFER; Disaster management; UN; AOI; Reactive imagery; HAPS; EC; VHR; NGA; EMS; EO; VA; CCM; GIO; DEM; EU; GEO; Earth Observation; Copernicus; CSC-DA; DAP; EFAS; AU; GAFA; GMES; ASEAN; UNOOSA; PM; International Charter
• ISSN: 0094-5765; 1879-2030
• DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.06.012

The paper reviews the evolution of Earth Observation systems in Europe and Worldwide and analyses the potential impact of their performance in support of emergency response services. Earth Observation satellites play already a significant role in supporting the action of first responders in case of major disasters. The main principle is the coordinated use of satellites in order to ensure a rapid response and the timely delivery of images and geospatial information of the area affected by the event. The first part of the paper reviews the main instruments and evaluates their current performance. The International Charter “Space and Major Disasters”, signed in October 2000, was the first international initiative aimed at establishing a unified system for the acquisition of space data. The charter is a cooperation agreement between space agencies and operators of space systems. At regional level, a similar instrument exists in Asia: Sentinel-Asia. In the frame of the European programme Copernicus, the emergency management service was launched in 2009. Geo-information products derived from space imagery are delivered during all phases of the emergency management cycle, in either rush or non-rush mode, free of charge for the users. In both cases, the capacities were historically drawn from national missions, funded with public money and directly operated by the space agencies or by national operators. The paper focuses on the performance of the space infrastructure (satellites and ground segments). Several trends may have a significant impact on the current performance: –The increasing number of space systems which are privately-owned and managed by commercial operators. –The emergence in Europe of shared-ownership or community-owned systems. Copernicus Sentinel missions (Copernicus) or Eumetsat satellites are two typical examples. –The development of dual-use capacities and the sovereignty dimension of these systems. –The development of unmanned airborne vehicles (UAVs) for civil applications. –The development of social media and crowd-based initiatives for humanitarian aid and emergency response. –Possible disruptions, such as large LEO constellations or GEO infrastructures enabling persistent observation. A common feature is the increased number of information sources and the higher real time dimension. Typical scenarios for the future are described and their likelihood is discussed, including political acceptance and the international dimension. Aside from rapid technological evolutions, two main driving factors are the capacity of national and international stakeholders to agree on governance and the sustainability of the economic models. •Reactive imagery within 24h is still a challenge for Earth observation.•The current and short term solution is the combined use of independent satellites.•With a new mindset, dual use of defence missions could provide additional benefits.•The game changer could be the emerging massive constellations of EO satellites.•Even with more private actors, international cooperation plays an essential role.