Input pathways of organochlorine pesticides to typical freshwater cultured fish ponds of South China: Hints for pollution control

• Published in: Environmental toxicology and chemistry Vol. 30; no. 6; pp. 1272 - 1277
• Main Authors: Zhang, Bao-Zhong, Yu, Huan-Yun, You, Jing, Zeng, Eddy Y.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hoboken, USA John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.06.2011; Blackwell Publishing Ltd
• Subjects: Animals; Aquaculture - statistics & numerical data; Biological effects; China; DDD; DDE; DDT; DDT - analysis; DDT - metabolism; Deposition; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene - analogs & derivatives; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene - analysis; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene - metabolism; Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane - analysis; Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane - metabolism; Dry deposition; Drying; Environmental Monitoring; Ethane; Feeding; Fish; Fish feeds; Fish ponds; Fishes - metabolism; Fluxes; Fresh Water - chemistry; Freshwater; Freshwater cultured fish pond; Freshwater ecology; Freshwater fish; Freshwaters; Geologic Sediments - chemistry; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated - analysis; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated - metabolism; Input fluxes; Lindane - analysis; Lindane - metabolism; Nitrous oxide; Organic compounds; Organochlorine pesticides; Pesticides; Pesticides - analysis; Pesticides - metabolism; Pollution control; Ponds; Potential biological effect; Rural areas; South China; Water consumption; Water exchange; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water Pollutants, Chemical - metabolism; Wet deposition; China
• ISSN: 0730-7268; 1552-8618; 1552-8618
• DOI: 10.1002/etc.503

Air, rain, pond water, bank soil, pond sediment, fish feed, and fish were sampled from four freshwater cultured fish ponds (FWCFPs) in rural areas within the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of South China. Compositional analyses indicated that historical residues were the main sources of DDXs (defined as the sum of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and 1‐chloro‐2,2‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p′‐DDMU)), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in the FWCFPs. The input fluxes to the FWCFPs were estimated at 4.0, 1.6, 15, and −0.92 µg/m2·year for DDXs and 3.8, 0.92, 2.9, and −1.4 µg/m2·year for HCHs for dry deposition, wet deposition, feeding, and net air‐water exchange in Dongguan, and 3.8, 1.2, 137, and −1.2 µg/m2·year for DDXs and 3.6, 0.66, 5.0, and −1.0 µg/m2·year for HCHs in Shunde, respectively. These results indicated that fish feed was the dominant input source of DDXs to the FWCFPs. As for HCHs, fluxes via dry deposition and feeding were similar and slightly higher than those via wet deposition. Biological effects due to the occurrence of DDXs in the FWCFPs were minimal, and consumption of freshwater fish from the PRD appeared to pose insignificant risk to human health based on some existing regulations and guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1272–1277. © 2011 SETAC