Methods of Projecting Mode Amplitude Changes on the Wavelength Axis in Order to Determine the Bending Radius on the Basis of TFBG Grating Spectra

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 21; no. 22; p. 7526
• Main Authors: Cięszczyk, Sławomir, Harasim, Damian, Ormanbekova, Ainur, Skorupski, Krzysztof, Wawrzyk, Martyna
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 12.11.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: Algorithms; Bend radius; bending; Bragg gratings; Cladding; Cut off wavelength; demodulation algorithm; Low pass filters; Methods; Optical fibers; Polynomials; Questioning; Refractivity; Sensors; signal processing; Spectra; Spectrum analysis; TFBG sensors; Wavelet transforms
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s21227526

Tilted fibre Bragg grating (TFBG) are used as sensors to determine many quantities such as refractive index, temperature, stress, rotation and bending. The TFBG spectrum contains a lot of information and various algorithms are used for its analysis. However, most of these algorithms are dedicated to the analysis of spectral changes under the influence of the refractive index. The most popular algorithm used for this purpose is to calculate the area occupied by cladding modes. Among the remaining algorithms, there are those that use the determination of the cut-off wavelength as a surrounding refractive index (SRI) indicator. Projection on the wavelength axis can also be used to calculate the bending radius of the fibre. However, this is a more difficult task than with SRI, because the mode decay in bending is not so easy to catch. In this article, we propose a multi-step algorithm that allows to determine the impact of bending on mode leakage. At the same time, the place on the wavelength from the side of the Bragg mode and the ghost mode is determined, which represents the cladding mode radiated from the cladding under the influence of bending. The developed algorithm consists of the following operations carried out on the transmission spectrum: Fourier filtering, calculation of the cumulative value of the spectral length, low-pass filtering of the cumulative curve or its corresponding polynomial approximation, determination of the first and second derivative of the approximated curve, and projection of the second derivative of the curve on the wavelength axis. The shift of the wavelength determined in this way indirectly indicates the bending radius of the optical fibre. Based on multiple measurements, we prove that the presented algorithm provides better results when determining the bending radius compared to other algorithms adopted for this purpose and proposed for SRI measurements. Additionally, we analyse the method of determining the shift of a fragment of the spectrum using the phase of the discrete Fourier transform.