Radio and γ-Ray Variability in Blazar S5 0716+714: A Year-like Quasi-periodic Oscillation in the Radio Light Curve

• Published in: The Astrophysical journal Vol. 943; no. 2; pp. 157 - 165
• Main Authors: Li, Xiao-Pan, Yang, Hai-Yan, Cai, Yan, Lähteenmäki, Anne, Tornikoski, Merja, Tammi, Joni, Suutarinen, Sofia, Yang, Hai-Tao, Luo, Yu-Hui, Wang, Li-Sha
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Philadelphia The American Astronomical Society 01.02.2023; IOP Publishing
• Subjects: Active galactic nuclei; Astrophysics; Autoregressive models; Black holes; Blazars; Coalescence; Confidence intervals; Gravitational waves; Light; Light curve; Pluto; Quasi-Periodic Oscillations; Radio; Relativistic jets; Time series analysis; Z transforms
• ISSN: 0004-637X; 1538-4357
• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/acae8c

Abstract The nearly 33 yr long-term radio light curve obtained with the Metsähovi Radio Observatory 14 m telescope at 37 GHz and the recent 12.7 yr γ -ray light curve of the blazar S5 0716+714 at 0.1–300 GeV from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) were analyzed by using the Lomb–Scargle periodogram and the weighted wavelet Z-transform techniques. In the radio light curve, we discovered a possible quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) signal of about 352 ± 23 days at a confidence level of ∼3 σ . We recalculated the periodicity and its significance in a chosen time range that has higher variability and denser sampling, and then found that the significance had increased to a confidence level of 99.996% (∼4.1 σ ). This QPO component was further confirmed by fitting a linear autoregressive integrated moving average model to the selected radio light curve. A possible QPO of 960 ± 80 days at a 99.35% level (∼2.7 σ ) was found in the γ -ray light curve, which generally agrees with the earlier QPO claims of S5 0716+714. This paper discusses possible mechanisms for this potential year-like QPO. One possibility is a pure geometrical scenario with blobs moving helically inside the jet. Another is a supermassive binary black hole involving a gravitational wave-driven regime. In the latter scenario, we derived a milliparsec separation in the binary system that undergoes coalescence within a century due to the emission of low-frequency gravitational waves.