IoT and Satellite Sensor Data Integration for Assessment of Environmental Variables: A Case Study on NO2

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 22; no. 15; p. 5660
• Main Authors: Cukjati, Jernej, Mongus, Domen, Žalik, Krista Rizman, Žalik, Borut
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 28.07.2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Air pollution; Archives & records; Case studies; Data integration; ensemble method; Environmental impact; Feature selection; Internet of Things; Internet of Things (IoT); Land use; machine learning; Neural networks; Nitrogen dioxide; Pollutants; Prediction models; Regression analysis; remote sensing; Satellite imagery; Satellites; sensor integration; Sensors; Simulation; Variables
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s22155660

This paper introduces a novel approach to increase the spatiotemporal resolution of an arbitrary environmental variable. This is achieved by utilizing machine learning algorithms to construct a satellite-like image at any given time moment, based on the measurements from IoT sensors. The target variables are calculated by an ensemble of regression models. The observed area is gridded, and partitioned into Voronoi cells based on the IoT sensors, whose measurements are available at the considered time. The pixels in each cell have a separate regression model, and take into account the measurements of the central and neighboring IoT sensors. The proposed approach was used to assess NO2 data, which were obtained from the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite and IoT ground sensors. The approach was tested with three different machine learning algorithms: 1-nearest neighbor, linear regression and a feed-forward neural network. The highest accuracy yield was from the prediction models built with the feed-forward neural network, with an RMSE of 15.49 ×10−6 mol/m2.