Fenproporex N-dealkylation to amphetamine—enantioselective in vitro studies in human liver microsomes as well as enantioselective in vivo studies in Wistar and Dark Agouti rats

• Published in: Biochemical pharmacology Vol. 68; no. 5; pp. 947 - 957
• Main Authors: Kraemer, Thomas, Pflugmann, Thomas, Bossmann, Michael, Kneller, Nicole M, Peters, Frank T, Paul, Liane D, Springer, Dietmar, Staack, Roland F, Maurer, Hans H
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York, NY Elsevier Inc 01.09.2004; Elsevier Science
• Subjects: Amphetamine - blood; Amphetamine - metabolism; Amphetamine precursor drugs; Amphetamines - chemistry; Amphetamines - metabolism; Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System - metabolism; Cytochrome p450; Dark Agouti rats; Dealkylation; Dopamine Agents - chemistry; Dopamine Agents - metabolism; Enantioselective; Female; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Human liver microsomes; Kinetics; Male; Medical sciences; Metabolism; Microsomes, Liver - metabolism; Molecular Conformation; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; Rats; Rats, Wistar; NICI; SPE; FP; Dark Agouti rats; BM; WI; MA; V max; K m; CYP; fDA; GC–MS; EM; IS; mDA; AM; Metabolism; pHLM; HFBP; AT; Enantioselective; Cytochrome p450; PM HLM; Human liver microsomes; PM; WIQ; Amphetamine precursor drugs; Amphetamine derivatives; Rat; Psychotropic; Liver; Microsome; Fenproporex; Enantiomer; Amfetamine; Human; Drug; CNS stimulant; Digestive system; Cytochrome P450; Rodentia; Pharmacology; In vitro; In vivo; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Animal
• ISSN: 0006-2952; 1873-2968
• DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.05.009

Fenproporex (FP) is known to be N-dealkylated to R(−)-amphetamine (AM) and S(+)-amphetamine. Involvement of the polymorphic cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP2D6 in metabolism of such amphetamine precursors is discussed controversially in literature. In this study, the human hepatic CYPs involved in FP dealkylation were identified using recombinant CYPs and human liver microsomes (HLM). These studies revealed that not only CYP2D6 but also CYP1A2, CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 catalyzed this metabolic reaction for both enantiomers with slight preference for the S(+)-enantiomer. Formation of amphetamine was not significantly changed by quinidine and was not different in poor metabolizer HLM compared to pooled HLM. As in vivo experiments, blood levels of R(−)-amphetamine and S(+)-amphetamine formed after administration of FP were determined in female Dark Agouti rats (fDA), a model of the human CYP2D6 poor metabolizer phenotype (PM), male Dark Agouti rats (mDA), an intermediate model, and in male Wistar rats (WI), a model of the human CYP2D6 extensive metabolizer phenotype. Analysis of the plasma samples showed that fDA exhibited significantly higher plasma levels of both amphetamine enantiomers compared to those of WI. Corresponding plasma levels in mDA were between those in fDA and WI. Furthermore, pretreatment of WI with the CYP2D inhibitor quinine resulted in significantly higher amphetamine plasma levels, which did not significantly differ from those in fDA. The in vivo studies suggested that CYP2D6 is not crucial to the N-dealkylation but to another metabolic step, most probably to the ring hydroxylation. Further studies are necessary for elucidating the role of CYP2D6 in FP hydroxylation.