Chemical Source Localization Fusing Concentration Information in the Presence of Chemical Background Noise

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 17; no. 4; pp. 904 - 927
• Main Authors: Pomareda, Víctor, Magrans, Rudys, Jiménez-Soto, Juan M, Martínez, Dani, Tresánchez, Marcel, Burgués, Javier, Palacín, Jordi, Marco, Santiago
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 20.04.2017; MDPI
• Subjects: Algorithms; Background noise; Bayesian analysis; Bayesian statistical decision; Computer simulation; Conditional probability; Detectors de gasos; Estadística bayesiana; Gas detectors; Gas sensors; Ionization; Ionization counters; Olfacte; Organic chemistry; Robotics; Robòtica; Sensors; Smell; machine olfaction; Bayesian inference; chemical sensors; odor robots
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s17040904

We present the estimation of a likelihood map for the location of the source of a chemical plume dispersed under atmospheric turbulence under uniform wind conditions. The main contribution of this work is to extend previous proposals based on Bayesian inference with binary detections to the use of concentration information while at the same time being robust against the presence of background chemical noise. For that, the algorithm builds a background model with robust statistics measurements to assess the posterior probability that a given chemical concentration reading comes from the background or from a source emitting at a distance with a specific release rate. In addition, our algorithm allows multiple mobile gas sensors to be used. Ten realistic simulations and ten real data experiments are used for evaluation purposes. For the simulations, we have supposed that sensors are mounted on cars which do not have among its main tasks navigating toward the source. To collect the real dataset, a special arena with induced wind is built, and an autonomous vehicle equipped with several sensors, including a photo ionization detector (PID) for sensing chemical concentration, is used. Simulation results show that our algorithm, provides a better estimation of the source location even for a low background level that benefits the performance of binary version. The improvement is clear for the synthetic data while for real data the estimation is only slightly better, probably because our exploration arena is not able to provide uniform wind conditions. Finally, an estimation of the computational cost of the algorithmic proposal is presented.