Regulatory mechanisms of microbial homeostasis in insect gut

• Published in: Insect science Vol. 28; no. 2; pp. 286 - 301
• Main Authors: Bai, Shuai, Yao, Zhichao, Raza, Muhammad Fahim, Cai, Zhaohui, Zhang, Hongyu
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Australia Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.04.2021
• Subjects: Animals; Digestive system; Duox‐ROS immune system; Epithelium; flora; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal tract; Gastrointestinal Tract - microbiology; gut microbiota; Homeostasis; immune deficiency signaling pathway; insect; Insecta - microbiology; Insects; intestinal immunity; Intestinal microflora; intestinal microorganisms; intestinal mucosa; Intestine; Janus kinase; Kinases; Maintenance; Microbiomes; Microorganisms; non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase; oxygen; peritrophic matrix; Reactive oxygen species; Regulatory mechanisms (biology); Signal transduction; Signaling; Transcription factors; Transducers; insect; peritrophic matrix; intestinal immunity; Duox-ROS immune system; gut microbiota; immune deficiency signaling pathway
• ISSN: 1672-9609; 1744-7917; 1744-7917
• DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12868

Insects live in incredibly complex environments. The intestinal epithelium of insects is in constant contact with microorganisms, some of which are beneficial and some harmful to the host. Insect gut health and function are maintained through multidimensional mechanisms that can proficiently remove foreign pathogenic microorganisms while effectively maintaining local symbiotic microbial homeostasis. The basic immune mechanisms of the insect gut, such as the dual oxidase–reactive oxygen species (Duox‐ROS) system and the immune deficiency (Imd)‐signaling pathway, are involved in the maintenance of microbial homeostasis. This paper reviews the role of physical defenses, the Duox‐ROS and Imd signaling pathways, the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling pathway, and intestinal symbiotic flora in the homeostatic maintenance of the insect gut microbiome. Intestinal symbionts are important for the growth, development and reproduction of insects; resisting pathogens and maintaining the homeostasis of the gut microbial are important for insects. Intestinal physical barrier, Imd, Duox‐ROS, JAK/STAT signaling pathways and intestinal symbiotic flora are beneficial to insect resistance to pathogens and maintenance the homeostasis of the gut microbiome.