Health risk assessment of toxic metal(loids) (As, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Co) via consumption of medicinal herbs marketed in Malawi

• Published in: Toxicology reports Vol. 11; pp. 145 - 152
• Main Authors: Mlangeni, Angstone Thembachako, Raab, Andrea, Chibaya, Symon Bilesi, Namaumbo, Sydney, Feldmann, Joerg
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Ireland Elsevier B.V 01.12.2023; Elsevier
• Subjects: Azadirachta indica; Medicinal herbs; Mondia whitei; Moringa oleifera; Toxic metal(loids); Toxic metal(loids); Moringa oleifera; Mondia whitei; Medicinal herbs; Azadirachta indica
• ISSN: 2214-7500; 2214-7500
• DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.07.004

This study aimed to assess the potential health risks associated with consuming three commonly consumed medicinal herbs in Malawi: Azadirachta indica, Mondia whitei, and Moringa oleifera. The concentrations of five metal(loids) (As, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Co) were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, while their safety was assessed by comparing the measured values with the legislated maximum contaminant levels (MCL)and reported metal(loids) concentrations in other countries. The results indicated significant variations of metal(loids) concentrations amongst the studied medicinal herbs, with Azadirachta indica containing the highest mean As (0.078 ± 0.010 mg kg−1) and Cd (0.049 ± 0.05 mg kg−1) concentrations and Mondia whitei and Moringa oleifera contained the highest mean Co (1.01 ± 0.05 mg kg−1) and Cr (1.42 ± 1.18 mg kg−1) concentrations, respectively. However, the mean concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Co fell below the MCL set by World Health Organization (WHO), Alimentarius Commissions, and European Commission. The estimated daily intake (EDI) for each metal(loid) was less than 1, indicating that the studied medicinal herbs do not pose serious health risks to non-regular consumers. The study also emphasizes the importance of assessing the potential risks associated with consuming medicinal herbs contaminated with heavy metals or metalloids, as it can seriously threaten human health. [Display omitted] •Three medicinal herbs were analyzed, and detectable levels of As, Cd, Pb, Cr and Co were found in all samples.•Pb and Cr were the most abundant metal(loids) in the tested medicinal herbs, while Cd was the least abundant.•M. oleifera had the lowest mean concentration of As, and A. indica had the highest.•The concentrations of metal(loids) in the studied medicinal herbs were within acceptable limits for human consumption.