Name game conundrum: identical specific epithets in Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)

• Published in: ZooKeys Vol. 1183; no. 106; pp. 139 - 183
• Main Authors: Ghafouri Moghaddam, Mostafa, Arias-Penna, Diana Carolina, Heidari Latibari, Minoo, Butcher, Buntika A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Sofia Pensoft Publishers 07.11.2023
• Subjects: Etymology; Genera; Hymenoptera; Identification and classification; Language and languages; Microgastrinae; Morphology; Names; New species; Wasps; Zoology; United States; Greece; Canada; Central America; Niger; United Kingdom; India; Costa Rica
• ISSN: 1313-2989; 1313-2970
• DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1183.111330

It is a privilege to recognize a new species and immortalize it with a name. Taxonomists may use etymologies recalling the sampling locality, habitat, species morphology, people (actor, writer, singer, politician, scientist), culture (customs, beliefs), fictional characters (gods, demons, cartoons), brands, ancient names, and others. Naming a species is a creative act that allows scientists to express their love for nature. By drawing on personal and cultural associations, species names are often imbued with far greater meaning than one might initially assume. Unconventional names for species can be an effective way to capture the imagination of the public and make the species memorable. In other words, species names can be both meaningful and whimsical. The central focus of this study was to pinpoint species in the subfamily Microgastrinae that share the same specific epithet that often creates confusion regarding which species is being referred to. The findings showed that 153 specific epithets were repeated representing 340 species in 52 genera, while the remaining 2,823 species have unique epithets. Three of the five categories proposed accommodate the majority of the etymologies: people (42%), morphology (27%), and geography (15%) whereas the categories of other (9%) and biology (7%) achieve the least representation. Approximately 95% of the same specific epithets had a single clear meaning, while for the remaining 5%, it was not possible to trace etymology. The study revealed that the average length of specific epithets was 9.01 letters, the longest contains 18 (eliethcantillanoae) while the shortest four (eros and erro). Additionally, most identical specific epithets were repeated two times (85.25% of the occurrences), although three (12.82%), five, six, and even nine (each one with 0.64%) repetitions were also found. Finally, a list of recommendations for taxonomists when faced with the task of naming a new species is provided.