The Impact of Altitude on Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Children Dwelling at High Altitude: A Crossover Study

• Published in: Sleep (New York, N.Y.) Vol. 40; no. 9
• Main Authors: Hughes, Benjamin H, Brinton, John T, Ingram, David G, Halbower, Ann C
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: US Oxford University Press 01.09.2017
• Subjects: Altitude; Laboratories; Sleep apnea; Sleep Disordered Breathing; Sleep disorders; obstructive sleep apnea; altitude; environment; OSA pathogenesis; central sleep apnea; pediatrics; pediatric sleep apnea; cardiovascular; home sleep apnea testing; Sleep-disordered breathing
• ISSN: 0161-8105; 1550-9109
• DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx120

Abstract Study Objectives Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is prevalent among children and is associated with adverse health outcomes. Worldwide, approximately 250 million individuals reside at altitudes higher than 2000 meters above sea level (masl). The effect of chronic high-altitude exposure on children with SDB is unknown. This study aims to determine the impact of altitude on sleep study outcomes in children with SDB dwelling at high altitude. Methods A single-center crossover study was performed to compare results of high-altitude home polysomnography (H-PSG) with lower altitude laboratory polysomnography (L-PSG) in school-age children dwelling at high altitude with symptoms consistent with SDB. The primary outcome was apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), with secondary outcomes including obstructive AHI; central AHI; and measures of oxygenation, sleep quality, and pulse rate. Results Twelve participants were enrolled, with 10 included in the final analysis. Median altitude was 1644 masl on L-PSG and 2531 masl on H-PSG. Median AHI was 2.40 on L-PSG and 10.95 on H-PSG. Both obstructive and central respiratory events accounted for the difference in AHI. Oxygenation and sleep fragmentation were worse and pulse rate higher on H-PSG compared to L-PSG. Conclusions These findings reveal a clinically substantial impact of altitude on respiratory, sleep, and cardiovascular outcomes in children with SDB who dwell at high altitude. Within this population, L-PSG underestimates obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea compared to H-PSG. Given the shortage of high-altitude pediatric sleep laboratories, these results suggest a role for home sleep apnea testing for children residing at high altitude.