An Interstellar Origin for the Beryllium 10 in Calcium-rich, Aluminum-rich Inclusions

• Published in: The Astrophysical journal Vol. 602; no. 1; pp. 528 - 542
• Main Authors: Desch, S. J, Connolly, Jr., Harold C, Srinivasan, G
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: IOP Publishing 10.02.2004
• ISSN: 0004-637X; 1538-4357
• DOI: 10.1086/380831

Beryllium 10 is a short-lived radionuclide (t sub(1/2) = 1.5 Myr) that was incorporated live into calcium-rich, aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) at the birth of our solar system. Beryllium 10 is unique among the short-lived radionuclides in that it is formed only by spallation reactions and not by nucleosynthesis, e.g. in a supernova. Recent work by McKeegan, Gounelle, and others has stated that the high initial abundance of super(10)Be in CAIs ( super(10)Be/ super(9)Be ~ 1 x 10 super(-3)) cannot be attributed to galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and therefore concluded that the spallation reactions must have occurred within the solar nebula itself, because of energetic particles emitted by the early Sun. In this paper we reexamine this conclusion. We calculate the contributions of GCRs to the super(10)Be abundance in a molecular cloud core as it collapses to form a protostar and protoplanetary disk. We constrain the flux of protons and super(10)Be GCRs in the Sun's molecular cloud core 4.5 Gyr ago. We use numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulations of star formation to model the time evolution of the magnetic field strength and column density of gas in a collapsing cloud core. We account for magnetic focusing and magnetic mirroring and the anisotropic distribution of GCR pitch angles in the cloud core. We calculate the rates at which GCR protons and alpha-particles induce spallation reactions producing super(10)Be atoms, and the rates at which GCR super(10)Be nuclei are trapped in the cloud core. Accounting also for the decay of super(10)Be over the evolution of the cloud core, we calculate the time-varying super(10)Be/ super(9)Be ratio. We find that at the time of protostar formation super(10)Be/ super(9)Be ~ 1 x 10 super(-3), with an uncertainty of about a factor of 3. Spallation reactions account for 20% of the super(10)Be in CAIs, while trapped GCR super(10)Be nuclei account for the other 80%. The initial abundance of super(10)Be in CAIs is therefore entirely attributable to cosmic rays. We discuss the implications of this finding for the origin of other short-lived radionuclides and for the use of super(10)Be as a chronometer.