Mutagenicity of azo dyes used in foods, drugs and cosmetics before and after reduction by Clostridium species from the human intestinal tract

• Published in: Food and chemical toxicology Vol. 35; no. 9; pp. 897 - 901
• Main Authors: Rafii, F., Hall, J.D., Cerniglia, C.E.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.09.1997; New York, NY Elsevier Science
• Subjects: Ames test; Animals; azo compounds; Azo Compounds - metabolism; Azo Compounds - toxicity; Biological and medical sciences; Clostridium; Clostridium - metabolism; Coloring Agents - metabolism; Coloring Agents - toxicity; dyes; food coloring; Food toxicology; Humans; intestinal microorganisms; Intestines - microbiology; Medical sciences; metabolites; mutagenicity; Mutagens - metabolism; Mutagens - toxicity; Oxidation-Reduction; Rats; reduced metabolites; reduction; Salmonella typhimurium; testing; Toxicology; DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide; Clostridium; Cosmetic; Human; Drug; Mutagenicity testing; Toxicity; Gut; Clostridiales; Food additive; In vitro; Reduction; Azo dye; Clostridiaceae; Bacteria
• ISSN: 0278-6915; 1873-6351
• DOI: 10.1016/S0278-6915(97)00060-4

Various azo dyes currently approved by the US FDA for use in foods, drugs and cosmetics are reduced by anaerobic bacteria from the human intestinal tract. These bacteria with azoreductase activities include several Clostridium species. Seven of these azo dyes and their reduction products following incubation with a Clostridium sp. were evaluated for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. No mutagenicity was induced in either TA98 or TA100 by any of the seven azo dyes or the reduced metabolites when tested at concentrations as high as 200 μg/plate, with or without exogenous metabolic activation by rat liver fraction S-9.