The carbon‐quality temperature hypothesis: Fact or artefact?

• Published in: Global change biology Vol. 29; no. 4; pp. 935 - 942
• Main Authors: Liáng, Lìyǐn L., Kirschbaum, Miko U. F., Arcus, Vickery L., Schipper, Louis A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.02.2023; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: Acceleration; Carbon; Carbon - chemistry; Carbon compounds; Carbon dioxide; carbon‐quality temperature hypothesis; Chemical compounds; Climate; Climate change; Decomposition; Decomposition reactions; Enzymes; enzyme‐catalysed reactions; Global warming; Hypotheses; microbial decomposition; Microorganisms; Opinion; Opinions; Sensitivity; Soil; Soil - chemistry; Soil Microbiology; soil organic carbon; Soil resistance; Soil temperature; Soils; Stocks; Temperature; temperature dependence; enzyme-catalysed reactions; soil organic carbon; temperature dependence; global warming; carbon-quality temperature hypothesis; microbial decomposition
• ISSN: 1354-1013; 1365-2486
• DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16539

Climate warming can reduce global soil carbon stocks by enhancing microbial decomposition. However, the magnitude of this loss remains uncertain because the temperature sensitivity of the decomposition of the major fraction of soil carbon, namely resistant carbon, is not fully known. It is now believed that the resistance of soil carbon mostly depends on microbial accessibility of soil carbon with physical protection being the primary control of the decomposition of protected carbon, which is insensitive to temperature changes. However, it is still unclear whether the temperature sensitivity of the decomposition of unprotected carbon, for example, carbon that is not protected by the soil mineral matrix, may depend on the chemical recalcitrance of carbon compounds. In particular, the carbon‐quality temperature (CQT) hypothesis asserts that recalcitrant low‐quality carbon is more temperature‐sensitive to decomposition than labile high‐quality carbon. If the hypothesis is correct, climate warming could amplify the loss of unprotected, but chemically recalcitrant, carbon and the resultant CO2 release from soils to the atmosphere. Previous research has supported this hypothesis based on reported negative relationships between temperature sensitivity and carbon quality, defined as the decomposition rate at a reference temperature. Here we show that negative relationships can arise simply from the arbitrary choice of reference temperature, inherently invalidating those tests. To avoid this artefact, we defined the carbon quality of different compounds as their uncatalysed reaction rates in the absence of enzymes. Taking the uncatalysed rate as the carbon quality index, we found that the CQT hypothesis is not supported for enzyme‐catalysed reactions, which showed no relationship between carbon quality and temperature sensitivity. The lack of correlation in enzyme‐catalysed reactions implies similar temperature sensitivity for microbial decomposition of soil carbon, regardless of its quality, thereby allaying concerns of acceleration of warming‐induced decomposition of recalcitrant carbon. It has long been hypothesised that resistant low‐quality carbon is more temperature‐sensitive to decomposition than labile high‐quality carbon (the carbon‐quality temperature hypothesis). Here, we identify an unavoidable artefact inherent in previous tests of the hypothesis when carbon quality is defined as the decomposition rate at an arbitrarily chosen reference temperature. Instead, we defined the carbon quality of different compounds as their uncatalysed reaction rates. Our results showed no correlation between carbon quality and temperature sensitivity of enzyme‐catalysed reactions, therefore, did not support the hypothesis. It suggests similar temperature sensitivity of biological decomposition of soil organic matter regardless of its quality.