Flagellum tapering and midpiece volume in songbird spermatozoa

• Published in: Journal of morphology (1931) Vol. 283; no. 12; pp. 1577 - 1589
• Main Authors: Cramer, Emily R. A., Grønstøl, Gaute, Lifjeld, Jan T.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States John Wiley and Sons Inc 01.12.2022
• Subjects: Animals; Flagella - ultrastructure; Male; Mammals; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; mitochondrion; Passerides; postcopulatory sexual selection; scanning electron microscopy; Semen; Songbirds; sperm morphology; sperm motility; sperm ultrastructure; Spermatozoa - ultrastructure; scanning electron microscopy; Passerides; sperm ultrastructure; sperm motility; sperm morphology; mitochondrion; postcopulatory sexual selection
• ISSN: 0362-2525; 1097-4687
• DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21524

In contrast to numerous studies on spermatozoa length, relatively little work focuses on the width of spermatozoa, and particularly the width of the midpiece and flagellum. In flagellated spermatozoa, the flagellum provides forward thrust while energy may be provided via mitochondria in the midpiece and/or through glycolysis along the flagellum itself. Longer flagella may be able to provide greater thrust but may also require stronger structural features and more or larger mitochondria to supply sufficient energy. Here, we use scanning electron microscopy to investigate the ultrastructure of spermatozoa from 55 passerine species in 26 taxonomic families in the Passerides infraorder. Our data confirm the qualitative observation that the flagellum tapers along its length, and we show that longer flagella are wider at the neck. This pattern is similar to mammals, and likely reflects the need for longer cells to be stronger against shearing forces. We further estimate the volume of the mitochondrial helix and show that it correlates well with midpiece length, supporting the use of midpiece length as a proxy for mitochondrial volume, at least in between‐species studies where midpiece length is highly variable. These results provide important context for understanding the evolutionary correlations among different sperm cell components and dimensions. Across 55 Passerides species, we find that longer sperm flagella are wider at the neck, as previously documented in mammals and reptiles. This result suggests a widespread constraint on the mechanical strength of longer flagella. For interspecific comparisons, sperm midpiece length is an adequate proxy for mitochondrial helix volume, despite the tapering of the helix and flagellum, and despite the fact that the interval between wraps of the mitochondrial helix is longer for longer cells.