From Regulatory Problems in Infancy to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Childhood: A Moderating Role for the Dopamine D4 Receptor Gene?

• Published in: The Journal of pediatrics Vol. 156; no. 5; pp. 798 - 803.e2
• Main Authors: Becker, Katja, MD, Blomeyer, Dorothea, MA, El-Faddagh, Mahha, MD, Esser, Guenter, PhD, Schmidt, Martin H., MD, PhD, Banaschewski, Tobias, MD, PhD, Laucht, Manfred, PhD
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Maryland Heights, MO Mosby, Inc 01.05.2010; Elsevier
• Subjects: Adolescent; Alleles; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - genetics; Biological and medical sciences; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; General aspects; Genotype; Humans; Infant; Infant Behavior; Male; Medical sciences; Pediatrics; Polymorphism, Genetic; Receptors, Dopamine D4 - genetics; Receptors, Dopamine D4 - physiology; ADHD; Variable number of tandem repeats; Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; VNTR; Human; Pediatrics; Regulation(control); Gene; Dopamine receptor; Genetics; Infant; Attention disorder with hyperactivity; Child
• ISSN: 0022-3476; 1097-6833
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.005

Objective To examine whether the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) exon III VNTR moderates the risk of infants with regulatory disorders for developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) later in childhood. Study design In a prospective longitudinal study of children at risk for later psychopathology, 300 participants were assessed for regulatory problems in infancy, DRD4 genotype, and ADHD symptoms and diagnoses from childhood to adolescence. To examine a potential moderating effect on ADHD measures, linear and logistic regressions were computed. Models were fit for the main effects of the DRD4 genotype (presence or absence of the 7r allele) and regulatory problems (presence or absence), with the addition of the interaction term. All models were controlled for sex, family adversity, and obstetric risk status. Results In children without the DRD4-7r allele, a history of regulatory problems in infancy was unrelated to later ADHD. But in children with regulatory problems in infancy, the additional presence of the DRD4-7r allele increased the risk for ADHD in childhood. Conclusions The DRD4 genotype seems to moderate the association between regulatory problems in infancy and later ADHD. A replication study is needed before further conclusions can be drawn, however.