Absorption and evaporation of N, N-diethyl- m-toluamide from human skin in vitro

• Published in: Toxicology and applied pharmacology Vol. 204; no. 1; pp. 81 - 90
• Main Authors: Santhanam, Arjun, Miller, Matthew A., Kasting, Gerald B.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: San Diego, CA Elsevier Inc 01.04.2005; Elsevier
• Subjects: 60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES; Abdomen; Back; BENZYL ALCOHOL; Benzyl Alcohol - pharmacokinetics; Biological and medical sciences; CARBON 14; Carbon Radioisotopes; DEET; DEET - pharmacokinetics; Diffusion; ETHANOL; EVAPORATION; EVAPORATION MODEL; FUME HOODS; Humans; IN VITRO; In Vitro Techniques; Insect Repellents - pharmacokinetics; LABELLED COMPOUNDS; MASS TRANSFER; Mathematical model; Medical sciences; Models, Biological; Percutaneous absorption; PERMEABILITY; RADIOACTIVITY; SKIN; Skin - metabolism; Skin Absorption - drug effects; Thigh; Toxicology; Ventilation; Volatilization; Percutaneous absorption; Skin; Evaporation; Mathematical model; DEET; Diethyltoluamide; Human; Absorption; Repellent; In vitro; Percutaneous route
• ISSN: 0041-008X; 1096-0333
• DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.08.016

The penetration of DEET through split-thickness cadaver skin was measured in non-occluded Franz cells placed either in a fume hood or on a laboratory workbench. DEET, dissolved in a small volume of ethanol and spiked with 14C radiolabel was applied to skin at doses from 0.02 to 11 000 μg/cm 2. DEET penetration was greater for cells placed on the workbench, and the percentage of radioactivity penetrated after 72 h increased gradually with dose, for doses up to 680 μg/cm 2. At higher doses, it declined. Percent penetration ranged from 11.5 ± 3.2% for a dose of 0.021 μg/cm 2 in the fume hood to 71.9 ± 5.5% for a dose of 260 μg/cm 2 on the workbench. Results were interpreted in terms of a diffusion/evaporation model having three parameters—a solubility value for the chemical in the upper stratum corneum, M sat; a mass transfer coefficient for evaporation, k evap; and a characteristic time for diffusion, h 2/ D. The parameters obtained from fitting the model to the data (normalized to the fume hood environment) were M sat = 18 μg/cm 2 and k evap = 2.6 × 10 −5 cm/h. The value of h 2/ D decreased from 16 h at a DEET dose of 25 μg/cm 2 to 10 h at 1480 μg/cm 2, consistent with an increase in skin permeability of about 1.5-fold over this dose range. This effect was confirmed by means of an additional study in which skin samples pretreated with increasing amounts of unlabeled DEET were washed and redosed with 14C-benzyl alcohol. A small (1.7-fold), but significant, increase in benzyl alcohol penetration with increasing amount of DEET was obtained. Thus, DEET enhanced its own skin permeation rate as well as that of another compound, but the effect was modest and not likely to be a major concern for compounds coadministered with DEET.