Cell-free DNA in maternal plasma and serum: A comparison of quantity, quality and tissue origin using genomic and epigenomic approaches

• Published in: Clinical biochemistry Vol. 49; no. 18; pp. 1379 - 1386
• Main Authors: Wong, Felix C.K., Sun, Kun, Jiang, Peiyong, Cheng, Yvonne K.Y., Chan, K.C. Allen, Leung, Tak Y., Chiu, Rossa W.K., Lo, Yuk Ming Dennis
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.12.2016
• Subjects: Cell-Free System; Digital PCR; DNA - blood; DNA Methylation; Epigenesis, Genetic; Epigenetics; Female; Genomics; Humans; Massively parallel sequencing; Noninvasive prenatal testing; Plasma cell-free DNA; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Third; Serum cell-free DNA; Pregnancy; Serum cell-free DNA; Massively parallel sequencing; Plasma cell-free DNA; Epigenetics; Digital PCR; Noninvasive prenatal testing
• ISSN: 0009-9120; 1873-2933
• DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.09.009

The objectives of this study were to compare the concentrations, size profiles and major tissue contributors of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in plasma and in serum. Thirteen pregnant women in the third trimester were recruited for this study. We collected EDTA-plasma and serum samples using various collection tubes. We determined their cfDNA concentrations and fetal cfDNA fractions using a zinc-finger X (ZFX)/zinc-finger Y (ZFY) droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ZFX/ZFY ddPCR) assay. We used paired-end massively parallel sequencing (MPS) to measure plasma and serum cfDNA sizes at single-base resolution. We deconvoluted the genome-wide bisulfite sequencing data with reference to the methylation profiles of different tissues. The concentrations of cfDNA collected in Sarstedt Serum Z tubes were found to be significantly higher than those in Greiner Bio-One Vacuette® Z Serum Separator Clot Activator tubes or Vacuette® Z Serum Clot Activator tubes. The concentrations of fetal cfDNA were significantly reduced in samples collected in the Vacuette® serum collection tubes. Fetal cfDNA fractions were significantly reduced in all sera compared to plasma. MPS of serum cfDNA revealed a right shift of the size distributions compared to plasma. Methylation-based tissue mapping of serum cfDNA revealed an increase of cfDNA from neutrophils and B cells but not T cells. The use of different serum collection tubes has a significant impact on serum cfDNA concentrations. This effect is likely mediated through the combined effect of genomic DNA release from white blood cells and DNA degradation or removal. •The choice of collection tubes affects the yield of serum cell-free DNA (cfDNA).•Serum cfDNA has longer fragment sizes than plasma cfDNA.•White cell contamination of serum cfDNA may be revealed by epigenomic analysis.•Plasma is superior to serum as a source of cfDNA analysis.