Skin Hydration Monitoring Using a Microwave Sensor: Design, Fabrication, and In Vivo Analysis

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 25; no. 11; p. 3445
• Main Authors: Chowdhury, Shabbir, Ebrahimi, Amir, Ghorbani, Kamran, Tovar-Lopez, Francisco
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.06.2025; MDPI
• Subjects: Biomedical engineering; Design; Dielectrics; Electrical conductivity; Hydration; Measuring instruments; NMR; Nuclear magnetic resonance; radio frequency sensor; reflective sensors; Sensors; Signal processing; Skin; Skin care products; skin hydration; Spectrum analysis; Toiletries industry; Australia
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s25113445

This article introduces a microwave sensor tailored for skin hydration monitoring. The design enables wireless operation by separating the sensing component from the reader, making it ideal for wearable devices like wristbands. The sensor consists of a semi-lumped LC resonator coupled to an inductive coil reader, where the capacitive part of the sensing tag is in contact with the skin. The variations in the skin hydration level alter the dielectric properties of the skin, which, in turn, modify the resonances of the LC resonator. Experimental in vivo measurements confirmed the sensor’s ability to distinguish between four hydration conditions: wet skin, skin treated with moisturizer, untreated dry skin, and skin treated with Vaseline, by measuring the resonance frequencies of the sensor. Measurement of the input reflection coefficient (S11) using a vector network analyzer (VNA) revealed distinct reflection poles and zeros for each condition, demonstrating the sensor’s effectiveness in detecting skin hydration levels. The sensing principle was analyzed using an equivalent circuit model and validated through measurements of a fabricated sensor prototype. The results confirm in vivo skin hydration monitoring by detecting frequency shifts in the reflection response within the 50–200 MHz range. The measurements and data analysis show less than 0.037% error in transmission zero (fz) together with less than 1.5% error in transmission pole (fp) while being used to detect skin hydration status on individual human subjects. The simplicity of the detection method, focusing on key frequency shifts, underscores the sensor’s potential as a practical and cost-effective solution for non-invasive skin hydration monitoring. This advancement holds significant potential for skincare and biomedical applications, enabling detection without complex signal processing.