Health risk assessment through determining bioaccumulation of iron in forages grown in soil irrigated with city effluent

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international Vol. 26; no. 14; pp. 14277 - 14286
• Main Authors: Khan, Zafar Iqbal, Safdar, Hareem, Ahmad, Kafeel, Wajid, Kinza, Bashir, Humayun, Ugulu, Ilker, Dogan, Yunus
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.05.2019; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Agricultural Irrigation - methods; Agricultural pollution; Alfalfa; Aquatic Pollution; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Bioaccumulation; Biological magnification; Botany; Contaminants; Crop yield; Crops; Crops, Agricultural - growth & development; Crops, Agricultural - metabolism; Drinking water; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Environmental science; Forage; Health risk assessment; Health risks; Heavy metals; Humans; Impaired water use; Iron; Iron - analysis; Iron - metabolism; Irrigation water; Metals, Heavy - analysis; Metals, Heavy - metabolism; Pennisetum typhoideum; Pollution; Pollution effects; Pollution index; Pollution load; Research Article; Risk Assessment; Seasons; Sewage; Sewage - chemistry; Sewage effluents; Sewage treatment; Soil - chemistry; Soil contamination; Soil Pollutants - analysis; Soil Pollutants - metabolism; Soil pollution; Soil water; Summer; Trifolium alexandrinum; Trifolium resupinatum; Waste treatment; Waste Water Technology; Wastewater irrigation; Wastewater treatment; Water Management; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water Pollutants, Chemical - metabolism; Water pollution; Water Pollution Control; Winter; Health risk index; Forage; Iron; Bioaccumulation
• ISSN: 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04721-1

The irrigation with sewage water can be useful if it has no negative effects on food crop yield, soil pollution, and health of humans. However, it includes various types of contaminants like heavy metals that pollute the soil and crops. In this regard, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible health risks of heavy metals in forages. Forages both of summer and winter were grown with different water treatments (sewage water and tap water) in Department of Botany, University of Sargodha. The concentration of iron (Fe) in water, soil, and plant samples was determined. The Fe values in tap and sewage water were observed as 0.090 and 0.115 mg/L, respectively. The highest mean concentration of Fe was 9.608 mg/kg in the soil where Trifolium alexandrinum is grown, and the lowest mean concentration was 0.154 mg/kg which occurred in the soil where Trifolium resupinatum is grown in winter. The maximum mean concentration of Fe in the root samples of plants was observed as 2.483 mg/kg in Pennisetum typhoideum , and the minimum mean concentration occurred as 0.390 mg/kg in Zea mays grown in summer. The maximum bioconcentration factor value of Fe was observed for T. resupinatum (5.259) grown in winter. The maximum pollution load index value of Fe was observed for T. alexandrinum (0.1688). The maximum value of daily intake of metals was observed as 0.0731 in Medicago sativa , and the maximum health risk index value was determined as 0.1091 in P. typhoideum.