Age‐varying effects of cannabis use frequency and disorder on symptoms of psychosis, depression and anxiety in adolescents and adults

• Published in: Addiction (Abingdon, England) Vol. 114; no. 2; pp. 278 - 293
• Main Authors: Leadbeater, Bonnie J., Ames, Megan E., Linden‐Carmichael, Ashley N.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.02.2019; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: Adolescence; Adolescent; Adolescents; Adult; Adults; Age; Age differences; Age Distribution; Age of onset; Anxiety; Anxiety disorders; Anxiety Disorders - epidemiology; Anxiety Disorders - etiology; British Columbia - epidemiology; Cannabis; cannabis use; cannabis use disorder; Child & adolescent psychiatry; Cross-Sectional Studies; depression; Depressive Disorder - epidemiology; Depressive Disorder - etiology; Drug abuse; Drug addiction; Drug use; early onset; Females; Humans; Males; Marijuana; Marijuana Abuse - complications; Marijuana Abuse - epidemiology; Marijuana Smoking - epidemiology; Mental depression; Mental disorders; Mental health; Prospective Studies; Psychosis; Psychotic Disorders - epidemiology; Psychotic Disorders - etiology; Psychotic symptoms; Research Report; Research Reports; Sex differences; Symptoms; Teenagers; United States - epidemiology; Young Adult; young adulthood; Young adults; United States; British Columbia; Adolescence; anxiety; early onset; mental health; cannabis use; cannabis use disorder; marijuana; young adulthood; depression; psychosis
• ISSN: 0965-2140; 1360-0443
• DOI: 10.1111/add.14459

Aims We tested the age‐varying associations of cannabis use (CU) frequency and disorder (CUD) with psychotic, depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescent and adult samples. Moderating effects of early onset (≤ 15 years) and sex were tested. Design Time‐varying effect models were used to assess the significance of concurrent associations between CU and CUD and symptoms of psychosis, depression and anxiety at each age. Setting and Participants Adolescent data (V‐HYS; n = 662) were collected from a randomly recruited sample of adolescents in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada during a 10‐year period (2003–13). Adult cross‐sectional data (NESARC‐III; n = 36 309) were collected from a representative sample from the United States (2012–13). Measurements Mental health symptoms were assessed using self‐report measures of diagnostic symptoms. CU was based on frequency of past‐year use. Past‐year CUD was based on DSM‐5 criteria. Findings For youth in the V‐HYS, CU was associated with psychotic symptoms following age 22 [b = 0.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.002, 0.25], with depressive symptoms from ages 16–19 and following age 25 (b = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.003, 0.34), but not with anxiety symptoms. CUD was associated with psychotic symptoms following age 23 (b = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.01, 1.01), depressive symptoms at ages 19–20 and following age 25 (b = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.001, 1.42) and anxiety symptoms ages 26–27 only. For adults in the NESARC‐III, CU was associated with mental health symptoms at most ages [e.g. psychotic symptoms; age 18 (b = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.33) to age 65 (b = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.16, 0.56)]. CUD was associated with all mental health symptoms across most ages [e.g. depressive symptoms; age 18 (b = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.19, 1.73) to age 61 (b = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.01, 2.21)]. Interactions with sex show stronger associations for females than males in young adulthood [e.g. V‐HYS: CUD × sex interaction on psychotic symptoms significant after age 26 (b = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.02, 2.21)]. Findings were not moderated by early‐onset CU. Conclusions Significant associations between cannabis use (CU) frequency and disorder (CUD) and psychotic and depressive symptoms in late adolescence and young adulthood extend across adulthood, and include anxiety.