Sex ratio and maturity indicate the local dispersal and mortality of adult stoneflies

• Published in: Freshwater biology Vol. 51; no. 8; pp. 1543 - 1551
• Main Authors: PETERSEN, I., MASTERS, Z., ORMEROD, S. J., HILDREW, A. G.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.08.2006; Blackwell Science
• Subjects: Animal and plant ecology; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; aquatic insects; Biological and medical sciences; Fresh water ecosystems; Freshwater; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Insecta; Invertebrates; Leuctra nigra; maturity; Plecoptera; population dynamics; population markers; streams; Synecology; British Isles, Wales, Dyfed, Llyn Brianne; aquatic insects; Insecta; Mortality; population markers; Plecoptera; streams; Marker; Dispersion; Freshwater environment; Sex ratio; Aquatic environment; Hydrobiology; Arthropoda; Stream; Population dynamics; Invertebrata; Maturity
• ISSN: 0046-5070; 1365-2427
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01589.x

Summary 1. Despite a recent upsurge in interest, there remains remarkably little information about the dispersal and survival of the adults of most stream‐dwelling insects, although this is a basic requirement for understanding their long‐term population dynamics. 2. Using Malaise traps for a whole annual flight period, we captured adult stoneflies (Leuctra nigra) along transects perpendicular to three upland Welsh streams. We assessed spatial and temporal patterns in sex ratio to infer local dispersal and, using maturity as an age marker, estimated the mortality of adult females. 3. Nearly all adult stoneflies (99%) were taken in the period 26 April–23 July, and the onset of the male and female flight periods was the same. Most males (90%) had been caught by late June. Females were classified as immature (without ripe eggs) or mature, and 90% of immature females had been caught by mid‐late June (depending on catchment). As immature females declined in the catch, mature females increased, 10% having been caught by late‐May to early June and 90% by early to mid‐July. The median catches of immature and mature females were separated by 32 days in all three catchments. 4. There was a female bias in the sex ratio overall, which increased as time passed and was attributable partially to the greater longevity of females. Late in the flight period, however, female bias was also greater near the stream channel implying a return of mature females (but not males) from the riparian vegetation, presumably to oviposit. 5. The number of mature females was less than the number of immatures in two of the three channels. Over all three catchments, the overall mortality of females over the 32 days taken to mature was estimated at 29%, equivalent to an exponential daily rate of 1.1% day−1. The apparently negative mortality rate in one catchment (i.e. more matures than immatures being caught) could be due to an influx of adult females from elsewhere along the channel to oviposit. 6. Natural markers of age and population structure, such as sex ratio and female maturity, thus enabled us to detect a return of females to the stream to oviposit, after prior limited dispersal into the riparian zone, and to infer longitudinal movements in search of suitable sites. We were also able to estimate mortality in the field. Such natural markers seem to have been underexploited in the study of adult aquatic insects.