Cardiac gating using scattering of an 8‐channel parallel transmit coil at 7T

• Published in: Magnetic resonance in medicine Vol. 80; no. 2; pp. 633 - 640
• Main Authors: Jaeschke, Sven H.F., Robson, Matthew D., Hess, Aaron T.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.08.2018; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: Adult; cardiac gating; cardiac MRI; Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques - methods; Channel gating; Configurations; EKG; Electrocardiography; Heart; Heart - diagnostic imaging; Heart - physiology; Heart diseases; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted - methods; Image reconstruction; Independent component analysis; Magnetic resonance imaging; Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine - methods; Male; Measurement methods; Medicine; motion sensor; Notes—Imaging Methodology; parallel transmit; Radio frequency; reflected power; RF scattering; Scattering coefficient; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Systole; Young Adult; cardiac gating; RF scattering; motion sensor; parallel transmit; cardiac MRI; reflected power
• ISSN: 0740-3194; 1522-2594; 1522-2594
• DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27038

Purpose To establish a cardiac signal from scattering matrix or scattering coefficient measurements made on a 7T 8‐channel parallel transmit (pTx) system, and to evaluate its use for cardiac gating. Methods Measurements of the scattering matrix and scattering coefficients were acquired using a monitoring pulse sequence and during a standard cine acquisition, respectively. Postprocessing used an independent component analysis and gating feature identification. The effect of the phase of the excitation radiofrequency (RF) field ( B1+ shim) on the cardiac signal was simulated for multiple B1+ shim configurations, and cine images were reconstructed from both the scattering coefficients and electrocardiogram (ECG). Results The cardiac motion signal was successfully identified in all subjects with a mean signal‐to‐noise ratio of 33.1 and 5.7 using the scattering matrix and scattering coefficient measurements, respectively. The dominant gating feature in the cardiac signal was a peak aligned with end‐systole that occurred on average at 311 and 391 ms after the ECG trigger, with a mean standard deviation of 13.4 and 18.1 ms relative to ECG when using the scattering matrix and scattering coefficients measurements, respectively. The scattering coefficients showed a dependence on B1+ shim with some shim configurations not showing any cardiac signal. Cine images were successfully reconstructed using the scattering coefficients with minimal differences compared to those using ECG. Conclusion We have shown that the scattering of a pTx RF coil can be used to estimate a cardiac signal, and that scattering matrix and coefficients can be used to cardiac gate MRI acquisitions with the scattering matrix providing a superior cardiac signal. Magn Reson Med 80:633–640, 2018. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.