The epidermal bladder cell‐free mutant of the salt‐tolerant quinoa challenges our understanding of halophyte crop salinity tolerance

• Published in: The New phytologist Vol. 236; no. 4; pp. 1409 - 1421
• Main Authors: Moog, Max William, Trinh, Mai Duy Luu, Nørrevang, Anton Frisgaard, Bendtsen, Amalie Kofoed, Wang, Cuiwei, Østerberg, Jeppe Thulin, Shabala, Sergey, Hedrich, Rainer, Wendt, Toni, Palmgren, Michael
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.11.2022; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: abiotic stress; Bladder; Breeding; Cations; Chenopodium quinoa; Chenopodium quinoa - genetics; epidermal bladder cells; Halophytes; Ions; Leaves; Mutants; Plant Breeding; Potassium; Quinoa; Saline soils; Salinity; Salinity effects; Salinity tolerance; Salt; Salt tolerance; Salt Tolerance - genetics; Salt-Tolerant Plants - genetics; Sodium; Soil; Solutes; Storage; Survival; Turgor; Urinary Bladder; Water; Wilt; salt tolerance; epidermal bladder cells; quinoa; Chenopodium quinoa; abiotic stress
• ISSN: 0028-646X; 1469-8137
• DOI: 10.1111/nph.18420

Summary Halophytes tolerate high salinity levels that would kill conventional crops. Understanding salt tolerance mechanisms will provide clues for breeding salt‐tolerant plants. Many halophytes, such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), are covered by a layer of epidermal bladder cells (EBCs) that are thought to mediate salt tolerance by serving as salt dumps. We isolated an epidermal bladder cell‐free (ebcf) quinoa mutant that completely lacked EBCs and was mutated in REBC and REBC‐like1. This mutant showed no loss of salt stress tolerance. When wild‐type quinoa plants were exposed to saline soil, EBCs accumulated potassium (K+) as the major cation, in quantities far exceeding those of sodium (Na+). Emerging leaves densely packed with EBCs had the lowest Na+ content, whereas old leaves with deflated EBCs served as Na+ sinks. When the leaves expanded, K+ was recycled from EBCs, resulting in turgor loss that led to a progressive deflation of EBCs. Our findings suggest that EBCs in young leaves serve as a K+‐powered hydrodynamic system that functions as a water sink for solute storage. Sodium ions accumulate within old leaves that subsequently wilt and are shed. This mechanism improves the survival of quinoa under high salinity conditions.