Increased Menopausal Age Reduces the Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Approach

• Published in: Movement disorders Vol. 36; no. 10; pp. 2264 - 2272
• Main Authors: Kusters, Cynthia D.J., Paul, Kimberly C., Duarte Folle, Aline, Keener, Adrienne M., Bronstein, Jeff M., Bertram, Lars, Hansen, Johnni, Horvath, Steve, Sinsheimer, Janet S., Lill, Christina M., Ritz, Beate R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hoboken, USA John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.10.2021; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: Age; Consortia; Female; females; Genetic diversity; Genome-wide association studies; Genome-Wide Association Study; Genomes; Humans; Male; Menarche; Mendelian randomization; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Menopause; Movement disorders; Neurodegenerative diseases; Neuroprotection; Parkinson Disease - epidemiology; Parkinson Disease - genetics; Parkinson's disease; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide - genetics; Population studies; Population-based studies; Risk Factors; Sex hormones; Statistical analysis; Womens health; Denmark; Parkinson's disease; Mendelian randomization; menopause; females; menarche
• ISSN: 0885-3185; 1531-8257; 1531-8257
• DOI: 10.1002/mds.28760

ABSTRACT Background Studies of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the association with age at menarche or menopause have reported inconsistent findings. Mendelian randomization (MR) may address measurement errors because of difficulties accurately reporting the age these life events occur. Objective We used MR to assess the association between age at menopause and age at menarche with PD risk. Methods We performed inverse variant‐weighted (IVW) MR analysis using external genome‐wide association study (GWAS) summary data from the United Kingdom biobank, and the effect estimates between genetic variants and PD among two population‐based studies (Parkinson's disease in Denmark (PASIDA) study, Denmark, and Parkinson's Environment and Gene study [PEG], United States) that enrolled 1737 female and 2430 male subjects of European ancestry. We, then, replicated our findings for age at menopause using summary statistics from the PD consortium (19 773 women), followed by a meta‐analysis combining all summary statistics. Results For each year increase in age at menopause, the risk for PD decreased (odds ration [OR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73–0.98; P = 0.03) among women in our study, whereas there was no association among men (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.85–1.11; P = 0.71). A replication using summary statistics from the PD consortium estimated an OR of 0.94 (95% CI, 0.90–0.99; P = 0.01), and we calculated a meta‐analytic OR of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.89–0.98; P = 0.003). There was no indication for an association between age at menarche and PD (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.44–1.29; P = 0.29). Conclusions A later age at menopause was associated with a decreased risk of PD in women, supporting the hypothesis that sex hormones or other factors related to late menopause may be neuroprotective in PD. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society