MMP-12 and S100s in saliva reflect different aspects of periodontal inflammation

• Published in: Cytokine (Philadelphia, Pa.) Vol. 113; pp. 155 - 161
• Main Authors: Holmström, Sofia Björnfot, Lira-Junior, Ronaldo, Zwicker, Stephanie, Majster, Mirjam, Gustafsson, Anders, Åkerman, Sigvard, Klinge, Björn, Svensson, Mattias, Boström, Elisabeth A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.01.2019
• Subjects: Adult; Alveolar Bone Loss - metabolism; Biomarkers - metabolism; Calprotectin; Dental caries; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - methods; Female; Humans; Inflammation - metabolism; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex - metabolism; Male; Matrix metalloproteinase 12; Matrix Metalloproteinase 12 - metabolism; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Middle Aged; Periodontal Diseases - metabolism; Periodontitis; S100 Proteins - metabolism; S100A12 protein; Saliva; Saliva - metabolism; Smoking - adverse effects; Smoking - metabolism; BOP; IL; PIBI; PPD; Matrix metalloproteinase 12; S100A12 protein; GCF; ECM; RA; MMP; Dental caries; Periodontitis; MCL; DMFT; CSF; Calprotectin; Saliva; TIMP
• ISSN: 1043-4666; 1096-0023; 1096-0023
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.036

•MMP-12 and S100s levels in saliva were assessed in relation to oral diseases.•MMP-12 levels were associated with the percentage of gingival pockets ≥4 mm.•S100A8/A9 and S100A12 were associated with percentage of bleeding on probing.•Age, smoking, and tumor diseases can affect the levels of these proteins in saliva. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12, S100A8/A9, and S100A12 are involved in innate immune responses. We addressed whether different aspects of oral health and non-disease-related covariates influence their levels in saliva. 436 participants were clinically examined, completed a health questionnaire, and provided stimulated saliva. Salivary levels of MMP-12, S100A8/A9, and S100A12 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Lower MMP-12 levels were observed in individuals 40–64 years old (yo) compared to < 40 yo, and higher S100A8/A9 levels were found in individuals > 64 yo compared to 40–64 yo. Smokers exhibited lower MMP-12 and S100A12 levels compared to non-smokers. All three proteins were elevated in individuals with bleeding on probing (BOP) > 20% compared to those with BOP ≤ 20%, and the S100A8/A9 levels were higher in individuals having ≥ 10% gingival pocket depths (PPD) ≥ 4 mm compared to the ones with shallow pockets < 4 mm. The extent of alveolar bone loss or presence of manifest caries did not alter any of the markers. MMP-12, S100A8/A9, and S100A12 levels were higher in participants with high periodontal inflammatory burden. All three proteins correlated positively to BOP, PPD, and to several inflammatory mediators. The explanatory variables for MMP-12 in saliva were age, smoking, presence of any tumor, and percentage of PPD ≥ 4 mm. The determinant of salivary S100A8/A9 was percentage of BOP, while S100A12 levels were associated with percentage of BOP and presence of any tumor. Taken together, MMP-12 and the S100/calgranulin levels in saliva reflect different aspects of periodontal inflammation. Smoking and age should be taken into account in further investigation of these proteins as biomarker candidates of periodontal disease.