Flexible versus Fixed Spatial Self-Ordered Response Sequencing: Effects of Inactivation and Neurochemical Modulation of Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex

• Published in: The Journal of neuroscience Vol. 41; no. 34; pp. 7246 - 7258
• Main Authors: Axelsson, S F A, Horst, N K, Horiguchi, Naotaka, Roberts, A C, Robbins, T W
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Society for Neuroscience 25.08.2021
• Subjects: Accuracy; Animals; Antipsychotic Agents - adverse effects; Arrays; Baclofen - pharmacology; Callithrix; Cognition Disorders - chemically induced; Cognitive ability; Deactivation; Dopamine; Dopamine - physiology; Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists - pharmacology; Dopamine D2 receptors; Errors; Excitotoxicity; Fluorobenzenes - pharmacology; GABA Agonists - pharmacology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - physiology; Goals; Inactivation; Medical imaging; Memory, Short-Term - physiology; Muscimol - pharmacology; Neuroimaging; Neuromodulation; Piperidines - pharmacology; Prefrontal cortex; Prefrontal Cortex - drug effects; Prefrontal Cortex - physiology; Psychomotor Performance - drug effects; Psychomotor Performance - physiology; Receptors; Serotonin - physiology; Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists - pharmacology; Serotonin S2 receptors; Spatial Behavior; Sulpiride - pharmacology; γ-Aminobutyric acid; response sequencing; marmoset; prefrontal cortex; ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; D2; 5-HT2A
• ISSN: 0270-6474; 1529-2401
• DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0227-21.2021

Previously, studies using human neuroimaging and excitotoxic lesions in non-human primate have demonstrated an important role of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) in higher order cognitive functions such as cognitive flexibility and the planning of behavioral sequences. In the present experiments, we tested effects on performance of temporary inactivation (using GABA receptor agonists) and dopamine (DA) D and 5-HT -receptor (R) blockade of vlPFC via local intracerebral infusions in the marmoset. We trained common marmosets to perform spatial self-ordered sequencing tasks in which one cohort of animals performed two and three response sequences on a continuously varying spatial array of response options on a touch-sensitive screen. Inactivation of vlPFC produced a marked disruption of accuracy of sequencing which also exhibited significant error perseveration. There were somewhat contrasting effects of D and 5-HT -R blockade, with the former producing error perseveration on incorrect trials, though not significantly impairing accuracy overall, and the latter significantly impairing accuracy but not error perseveration. A second cohort of marmosets were directly compared on performance of fixed versus variable spatial arrays. Inactivation of vlPFC again impaired self-ordered sequencing, but only with varying, and not fixed spatial arrays, the latter leading to the consistent use of fewer, preferred sequences. These findings add to evidence that vlPFC is implicated in goal-directed behavior that requires higher-order response heuristics that can be applied flexibly over different (variable), as compared with fixed stimulus exemplars. They also show that dopaminergic and serotonergic chemomodulation has distinctive effects on such performance. This investigation employing local intracerebral infusions to inactivate the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the New World marmoset reveals the important role of this region in self-ordered response sequencing in variable but not fixed spatial arrays. These novel findings emphasize the higher order functions of this region, contributing to cognitive flexibility and planning of goal directed behavior. The investigation also reports for the first time somewhat contrasting neuromodulatory deficits produced by infusions of dopamine (DA) D and 5-HT receptor (R) antagonists into the same region, of possible significance for understanding cognitive deficits produced by anti-psychotic drugs.