Multifractality of random eigenfunctions and generalization of Jarzynski equality

• Published in: Nature communications Vol. 6; no. 1; p. 7010
• Main Authors: Khaymovich, I.M., Koski, J.V., Saira, O.-P., Kravtsov, V.E., Pekola, J.P.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 27.04.2015; Nature Publishing Group; Nature Pub. Group
• Subjects: 639/766/119; 639/766/483/640; 639/766/530/2804; Amplitudes; Anderson localization; Distribution functions; Eigenvectors; Humanities and Social Sciences; Localization; multidisciplinary; Probability distribution; Probability distribution functions; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Single electrons; Statistics; Variation
• ISSN: 2041-1723; 2041-1723
• DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8010

Systems driven out of equilibrium experience large fluctuations of the dissipated work. The same is true for wavefunction amplitudes in disordered systems close to the Anderson localization transition. In both cases, the probability distribution function is given by the large-deviation ansatz. Here we exploit the analogy between the statistics of work dissipated in a driven single-electron box and that of random multifractal wavefunction amplitudes, and uncover new relations that generalize the Jarzynski equality. We checked the new relations theoretically using the rate equations for sequential tunnelling of electrons and experimentally by measuring the dissipated work in a driven single-electron box and found a remarkable correspondence. The results represent an important universal feature of the work statistics in systems out of equilibrium and help to understand the nature of the symmetry of multifractal exponents in the theory of Anderson localization. The work fluctuations of systems driven out of equilibrium are governed by the same large-deviation theory as wavefunction amplitudes close to the Anderson localization transition. Exploiting this analogy, the authors generalize the Jarzynski equality, verifying their relation on a single-electron box.