Self-Assembly of Selective Interfaces in Organic Photovoltaics

• Published in: Advanced functional materials Vol. 23; no. 15; pp. 1935 - 1946
• Main Authors: Mauger, Scott A., Chang, Lilian, Friedrich, Stephan, Rochester, Christopher W., Huang, David M., Wang, Peng, Moulé, Adam J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Weinheim WILEY-VCH Verlag 19.04.2013; WILEY‐VCH Verlag
• Subjects: Devices; morphology; organic photovoltaic devices; Photovoltaic cells; Polymer blends; Segregations; Self assembly; Solar cells; solvent additives; Solvents; Surface energy; vertical segregation
• ISSN: 1616-301X; 1616-3028
• DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201201874

The composition of polymer‐fullerene blends is a critical parameter for achieving high efficiencies in bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics. Achieving the “right” materials distribution is crucial for device optimization as it greatly influences charge‐carrier mobility. The effect of the vertical concentration profile of materials in spin‐coated BHJs on device properties has stirred particularly vigorous debate. Despite available literature on this subject, the results are often contradictory and inconsistent, likely due to differences in sample preparation and experimental considerations. To reconcile published results, the influence of heating, surface energy, and solvent additives on vertical segregation and doping in polymer‐fullerene BHJ organic photovoltaics are studied using neutron reflectometry and near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. It is shown that surface energies and solvent additives greatly impact heat‐induced vertical segregation. Interface charging due to Fermi level mismatch increases (6,6)‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)‐enrichment at the BHJ/cathode interface. Current–voltage measurements show that self‐assembly of interfaces affects the open‐circuit voltage, resulting in clear changes to the power conversion efficiency. It is shown that the metal capping electrode in an organic photovoltaic device affects the stratification of materials in the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) and that solvent additives can inhibit stratification. It is found that some metals can donate charge to (6,6)‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The enrichment and charging of PCBM at the interface with the metal increases device power conversion efficiency.