The Evolution of the Human Self: Tracing the Natural History of Self-Awareness

• Published in: Journal for the theory of social behaviour Vol. 33; no. 4; pp. 365 - 404
• Main Authors: Leary, Mark R., Buttermore, Nicole R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.12.2003; Blackwell
• Subjects: Biology; Cognition; Cognitive psychology; Evolutionary anthropology; Evolutionary biology; Evolutionary psychology; History of science and technology; Human evolution; Life sciences; Palaeontology; Palaeontology; evolution ; genetics; Perspective taking; Self; Self-concept; Self-perception; Selfawareness; Self-Consciousness; Capacity; Evolution; Cognitive; Man; Culture; Natural history; Paleontology; Subject; Adaptation
• ISSN: 0021-8308; 1468-5914
• DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-5914.2003.00223.x

Previous discussions of the evolution of the self have diverged greatly in their estimates of the date at which the capacity for self‐thought emerged, the factors that led self‐reflection to evolve, and the nature of the evidence offered to support these disparate conclusions. Beginning with the assumption that human self‐awareness involves a set of distinct cognitive abilities that evolved at different times to solve different adaptive problems, we trace the evolution of self‐awareness from the common ancestor of humans and apes to the beginnings of culture, drawing upon paleontological, anthropological, biological, and psychological evidence. These data converge to suggest that that modern self‐thought appeared just prior to the Middle‐Upper Paleolithic transition, approximately 60,000 years ago.Recto running head: Evolution of the Self.