Meta-analysis of factors affecting prevalence estimates of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder in sub-Saharan Africa

• Published in: South African Journal of Science Vol. 117; no. 9-10; pp. 53 - 62
• Main Authors: Nweke, Martins C, Okemuo, Adaora J, Uduonu, Ekezie M, Ugwu, Princewill I, Nwachukwu, Chioma, Mshunqane, Nombeko
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Pretoria Academy of Science for South Africa (ASSAf) 01.09.2021; Academy of Science of South Africa
• Subjects: Activities of daily living; Antiretroviral therapy; Chronic illnesses; Cognition; Data collection; Dementia; Disease; Drug abuse; Epidemiology; Estimates; HIV; HIV infection; Human immunodeficiency virus; Keywords; Medical screening; Medical Subject Headings-MeSH; Meta-analysis; neurocognitive disorder; Neuropsychology; Prevalence; Random sampling; Sampling methods; Statistical sampling; Strategic planning; study characteristics; sub-Saharan Africa; Subject heading schemes; Systematic review; Sub-Saharan Africa; Africa
• ISSN: 0038-2353; 1996-7489
• DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2021/8575

Successful treatment of HIV with anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is resulting in more people living with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). In sub-Saharan Africa, this calls for strategic planning and judicious allocation of scarce resources, which requires an accurate estimate of the prevalence of HAND. Estimates of the prevalence of HAND in sub-Saharan Africa vary greatly, between 18.8% and 88.3%. This variability may be explained by factors such as different diagnostic approach, neuromedical examination, ART status, sampling method, substance abuse, assessors' qualification, depression and outcome measure. Different methods of diagnosing HAND, different outcome measures and non-random sampling techniques make it almost impossible to accurately estimate the prevalence of HAND in subSaharan Africa, often resulting in overestimation of the burden of disease. Consumers of health research should consider cer tain study characteristics and exercise appropriate caution when interpreting burden of disease in sub-Saharan Africa, especially when pursuing policy shift. Underestimating the prevalence of HAND will cer tainly affect the capacity and speed of containment, while overestimating will draw unnecessary attention and result in the misallocation of scarce resources.Significance: • The high prevalence of HAND in sub-Saharan Africa as estimated in this review calls for further research on the impact of HAND         on  activities of daily living and putative therapeutic modalities. • We highlight which study characteristics should be critically checked when using prevalence estimates for the purpose of health       policy and distribution of scarce resources in sub-Saharan Africa. • By favouring certain factors, this review will guide HIV health researchers in which techniques should be used to estimate the    burden of HAND. These factors may also apply to estimating the burden of other     diseases in sub-Saharan Africa.