Effect of ergot alkaloids and a mycotoxin deactivating product on in vitro ruminal fermentation using the Rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC)

• Published in: Journal of animal science Vol. 100; no. 9
• Main Authors: Sarich, Jenna M, Stanford, Kim, Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Karen S, Gruninger, Robert J, McAllister, Tim A, Meale, Sarah J, Blakley, Barry R, Penner, Gregory B, Ribeiro, Gabriel O
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: US Oxford University Press 01.09.2022
• Subjects: Acetic acid; Alkaloids; Ammonia; Ammonia - metabolism; Animal Feed - analysis; Animals; Caproates - metabolism; Caproates - pharmacology; Cattle; Deactivation; Detergents - metabolism; Detergents - pharmacology; Diet; Diet - veterinary; Dietary Fiber - metabolism; Digestion; Dry matter; Ergot; Ergot Alkaloids - pharmacology; Fatty acids; Fatty Acids, Volatile - metabolism; Female; Fermentation; Inoculum; Methane; Methane - metabolism; Microorganisms; Mycotoxins; Nitrogen; Nitrogen - metabolism; Organic matter; Prevotella; Propionates - pharmacology; Propionic acid; Rumen; Rumen - metabolism; Ruminant Nutrition; Simulation; Valerates - pharmacology; Vessels; mycotoxin; ruminal fermentation; ergot; binder; RUSITEC
• ISSN: 0021-8812; 1525-3163
• DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac226

Abstract The rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) was used to investigate the effect of ergot alkaloids (EA) and a mycotoxin deactivating product (Biomin AA; MDP) on nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation parameters, total gas, methane, and microbial nitrogen production. Ruminal fermentation vessels received a feedlot finishing diet of 90:10 concentrate:barley silage (DM basis). Using a randomized complete block design, treatments were assigned (n = 4 vessels/treatment) within two RUSITEC apparatuses in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Treatments included: (1) control (CON) diet (no EA and no MDP); (2) CON diet + 1 g/d MDP; (3) CON diet + 20 mg/kg EA; and (4) CON diet + 20 mg/kg EA + 1 g/d MDP. The study was conducted over 14 d with 7 d of adaptation and 7 d of sample collection. Data were analyzed in SAS using PROC MIXED including fixed effects of EA, MDP, and the EA×MDP interaction. Random effects included RUSITEC apparatus and cow rumen inoculum (n = 4). Ergot alkaloids decreased dry matter (DMD) (P = 0.01; 87.9 vs. 87.2%) and organic matter disappearance (OMD) (P = 0.02; 88.8 vs. 88.4%). Inclusion of MDP increased OMD (P = 0.01; 88.3 vs. 88.9%). Neutral detergent fiber disappearance (NDFD) was improved with MDP; however, an EA×MDP interaction was observed with MDP increasing (P < 0.001) NDFD more with EA diet compared to CON. Acetate proportion decreased (P = 0.01) and isovalerate increased (P = 0.03) with EA. Consequently, acetate:propionate was reduced (P = 0.03) with EA. Inclusion of MDP increased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production (P < 0.001), and proportions of acetate (P = 0.03) and propionate (P = 0.03), and decreased valerate (P < 0.001), isovalerate (P = 0.04), and caproate (P = 0.002). Treatments did not affect (P ≥ 0.17) ammonia, total gas, or methane production (mg/d or mg/g of organic matter fermented). The inclusion of MDP reduced (P < 0.001) microbial nitrogen (MN) production in the effluent and increased (P = 0.01) feed particle-bound MN. Consequently, total MN decreased (P = 0.001) with MDP. In all treatments, the dominant microbial phyla were Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Proteobacteria, and the major microbial genus was Prevotella. Inclusion of MDP further increased the abundance of Bacteroidota (P = 0.04) as it increased both Prevotella (P = 0.04) and Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 (P = 0.001). In conclusion, EA reduced OMD and acetate production due to impaired rumen function, these responses were successfully reversed by the addition of MDP. Ergot alkaloids can affect ruminal metabolism of cattle, which can have large impacts on production, welfare, and health. Mycotoxin deactivators can alleviate some of the negative impacts that dietary ergot has on cattle. Lay Summary Ergot formed from a parasitic fungus (Claviceps purpurea) affects various types of grains (rye, wheat, or oats) and may contain several toxic ergot alkaloids (EA). Individual EA may impact the rumen microorganisms, and cattle feed intake, digestibility, health, and overall performance. A common method to alleviate toxicity in mycotoxin-contaminated feed is through the addition of mycotoxin binders (MDP); however, their efficacy against EA is unknown. To better understand the effect of EA in cattle, we performed an in vitro experiment to examine the impact of EA on the ruminal microbial populations and fermentation of a finishing feedlot diet using an artificial rumen (RUSITEC). Additionally, an MDP was added to test if it could reduce the detrimental effects of EA on rumen fermentation. MDP increased total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and reduced total microbial protein synthesis. Furthermore, EA reduced microbial diversity and the acetate:propionate ratio. Although EA reduced organic matter digestibility and acetate production, these negative effects were reversed by the addition of the MDP.