Human bocavirus: Current knowledge and future challenges

• Published in: World journal of gastroenterology : WJG Vol. 22; no. 39; pp. 8684 - 8697
• Main Authors: Guido, Marcello, Tumolo, Maria Rosaria, Verri, Tiziano, Romano, Alessandro, Serio, Francesca, De Giorgi, Mattia, Donno, Antonella De, Bagordo, Francesco, Zizza, Antonella
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Baishideng Publishing Group Inc 21.10.2016
• Subjects: Cluster Analysis; Genotype; Human bocavirus - classification; Humans; Nucleotides; Parvoviridae Infections - diagnosis; Parvoviridae Infections - therapy; Phylogeny; Respiratory Tract Infections - diagnosis; Respiratory Tract Infections - therapy; Respiratory Tract Infections - virology; Review; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Viral Nonstructural Proteins - metabolism; Respiratory virus; Pathogenesis; Immunoassay methods; Human bocavirus; Epidemiology; Gastrointestinal virus; Molecular tests
• ISSN: 1007-9327; 2219-2840; 2219-2840
• DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i39.8684

Human bocavirus(HBoV) is a parvovirus isolated about a decade ago and found worldwide in both respiratory samples, mainly from early life and children of 6-24 mo of age with acute respiratory infection, and in stool samples, from patients with gastroenteritis. Since then, other viruses related to the first HBoV isolate(HBoV 1), namely HBoV 2, HBoV 3 and HBoV 4, have been detected principally in human faeces. HBo Vs are small nonenveloped single-stranded DNA viruses of about 5300 nucleotides, consisting of three open reading frames encoding the first two the non-structural protein 1(NS1) and nuclear phosphoprotein(NP1) and the third the viral capsid proteins 1 and 2(VP1 and VP2). HBoV pathogenicity remains to be fully clarified mainly due to the lack of animal models for the difficulties in replicating the virus in in vitro cell cultures, and the fact that HBo V infection is frequently accompanied by at least another viral and/or bacterial respiratory and/or gastroenteric pathogen infection. Current diagnostic methods to support HBoV detection include polymerase chain reaction, real-time PCR, enzymelinked immunosorbent assay and enzyme immunoassay using recombinant VP2 or virus-like particle capsid proteins, although sequence-independent amplification techniques combined with next-generation sequencing platforms promise rapid and simultaneous detection of the pathogens in the future. This review presents the current knowledge on HBoV genotypes with emphasis on taxonomy, phylogenetic relationship and genomic analysis, biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and diagnostic methods. The emerging discussion on HBoV s as true pathogen or innocent bystander is also emphasized.