Promotive, Mixed, and Risk Effects of Individual Items Comprising the SAPROF Assessment Tool With Justice-Involved Youth

• Published in: Assessment (Odessa, Fla.) Vol. 31; no. 2; pp. 418 - 430
• Main Authors: Langton, Calvin M., Betteridge, Mackenzie, Worling, James R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Los Angeles, CA SAGE Publications 01.03.2024
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Criminals - psychology; Forecasting; Humans; Juvenile Delinquency - psychology; Male; Original; Protective Factors; Risk Assessment; Violence - psychology; risk assessment; desistance; violent recidivism; adolescence; juvenile offenders; protective factors; SAPROF
• ISSN: 1073-1911; 1552-3489; 1552-3489
• DOI: 10.1177/10731911231163617

The Structured Assessment of PROtective Factors for violence risk (SAPROF) is a widely used structured professional judgment (SPJ) tool. Its indices have predictive validity regarding desistance from future violence in adult correctional/forensic psychiatric populations. Although not intended for applied use with youth, SAPROF items lend themselves to an investigation of whether their operationalizations capture only strengths or also risks. With 229 justice-involved male adolescents followed for a fixed 3-year period, promotive, risk, and mixed effects were found. Most SAPROF items exerted a mixed effect, being associated with higher and lower likelihoods of violent and any reoffending at opposite ends of their trichotomous ratings. Summing items weighted using their promotive and risk odds ratios produced statistically significant improvements in predictive accuracy, improvements found also with a cross-validation sample of 171 justice-involved youth. The nature of strengths and implications for the development of SPJ tools and training in their use were discussed.