Self-stigma and affiliate stigma in first-episode psychosis patients and their caregivers

• Published in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol. 51; no. 9; pp. 1225 - 1231
• Main Authors: Chen, Emily S. M., Chang, Wing Chung, Hui, Christy L. M., Chan, Sherry K. W., Lee, Edwin Ho Ming, Chen, Eric Y. H.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.09.2016; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis; Anxiety - psychology; Asian Continental Ancestry Group - psychology; Caregivers; Caregivers - psychology; Depression - psychology; Epidemiology; Female; Hong Kong; Humans; Male; Mediation; Medical research; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Medicine, Experimental; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Original Paper; Patient compliance; Perception; Psychiatric services; Psychiatry; Psychosis; Psychotic Disorders - psychology; Quality of Life - psychology; Regression Analysis; Self Concept; Severity of Illness Index; Social Stigma; Stereotyping; Stigma; Stress, Psychological - psychology; Young Adult; Perceived public stigma; Affiliate stigma; Face concern; Self-stigma; Caregivers’ distress
• ISSN: 0933-7954; 1433-9285
• DOI: 10.1007/s00127-016-1221-8

Purpose Stigma is a major factor causing delayed help-seeking and poor treatment adherence in patients with psychotic disorders. Previous research has mostly focused on chronic samples and the impact of culturally-relevant variables on both patients’ and their caregivers’ stigmatization is understudied. This study aimed to examine the relationships between various forms of stigma, “face concern”, and clinical characteristics in a group of Chinese first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and their caregivers. Methods Forty-four Hong Kong Chinese aged 15–54 years presenting with FEP to psychiatric services and their caregivers were recruited. Assessments on self-stigma, affiliate stigma, perceived public stigma, “face concern”, symptom severity and subjective quality of life (QoL) were conducted. Results Self-stigma of FEP patients was correlated with perceived public stigma, “face concern”, insight and psychological health of QoL. Multiple regression analysis revealed that perceived public stigma and “face concern” independently predicted self-stigma. Mediation analysis further suggested that “face concern” partially mediated the relationship between perceived public stigma and self-stigma. Caregivers’ affiliate stigma was significantly associated with higher levels of stress, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Affiliate stigma did not correlate with perceived public stigma and “face concern”. Conclusion Our results indicate a critical role of perceived public stigma and fear of losing face in determining self-stigma in Chinese patients with FEP. Caregivers with greater degree of affiliate stigma experience increased stress and emotional distress. Our findings highlight the importance to examine culturally specific factors that may contribute to the development of self-stigma in first-episode populations of different ethnicities.