Predicting the Fate of Bisphenol A During Electrochemical Oxidation: A Simple Semiempirical Method Based on the Concentration Profile of Hydroxyl Radicals

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 26; no. 10; p. 4785
• Main Authors: Ječmenica Dučić, Marija, Vasić Anićijević, Dragana, Aćimović, Danka, Švorc, Ľubomír, Bugarski, Branko, Pešić, Radojica, Brdarić, Tanja
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 16.05.2025; MDPI
• Subjects: Benzhydryl Compounds - chemistry; Bisphenol A; Bisphenol A Compounds; By products; Chromatography; Efficiency; Electrochemical reactions; Electrochemical Techniques - methods; Electrodes; Equilibrium; Evolution; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry; Hydroxyl Radical - analysis; Hydroxyl Radical - chemistry; Investigations; Kinetics; Methods; Mineralization; Morphology; Oxidation; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidation-reduction reaction; Phenols; Phenols - chemistry; Pollutants; Toxicity; Trends; Wastewater treatment; United States; Massachusetts; bisphenol A (BPA); kinetic modelling; electrooxidation processes; second-order rate constants; organic pollutants
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms26104785

The efficiency of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) is fundamentally governed by hydroxyl-radical (•OH) generation. While direct experimental measurements of these transient species remain complex and impractical, robust computational methods for predicting their temporal profiles are notably scarce. This work presents a semi-empirical methodology based on H2O2 measuring experiments that enables indirect •OH quantification. We employed a recently developed carbon-based electrode and the priority pollutant bisphenol A (BPA) as the model system. The system achieved 92.3% BPA degradation with 84% mineralization efficiency during 5-h electrooxidation at 15 mA/cm2. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for tracking BPA and detection of intermediates. On this basis, we developed a computational model that successfully predicts temporal concentration profiles of all reactive species interacting with •OH, along with degradation kinetics across current densities (10–20 mA/cm2). By incorporating predictions from the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T.), the developed model accurately simulates time-dependent evolution of relative toxicity throughout the treatment process. The presented approach has a general character and requires rather simple experimental input to predict and optimize degradation outcome in terms of input concentration, degradation time, current density, and final toxicity. Further modifications of the model would enable widening to other EAOPs systems.