Assessing the bias in samples of large online networks

• Published in: Social networks Vol. 38; pp. 16 - 27
• Main Authors: González-Bailón, Sandra, Wang, Ning, Rivero, Alejandro, Borge-Holthoefer, Javier, Moreno, Yamir
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01.07.2014
• Subjects: Bias; Communication; Error; Graph comparison; Internet; Mass Media; Measurement error; Political communication; Political Systems; Protest Movements; Social Dynamics; Social media; Social networks; Social protests; Twitter; Twitter; Graph comparison; Political communication; Social protests; Social media; Measurement error
• ISSN: 0378-8733; 1879-2111
• DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2014.01.004

•We compare three samples of Twitter data collected through the search and streaming APIs.•We assess differences in reconstructed networks of communication (RTs and mentions).•Both sample size and boundary specification introduce network bias.•The bias is stronger for mention networks than for networks of RTs. We consider the sampling bias introduced in the study of online networks when collecting data through publicly available APIs (application programming interfaces). We assess differences between three samples of Twitter activity; the empirical context is given by political protests taking place in May 2012. We track online communication around these protests for the period of one month, and reconstruct the network of mentions and re-tweets according to the search and the streaming APIs, and to different filtering parameters. We find that smaller samples do not offer an accurate picture of peripheral activity; we also find that the bias is greater for the network of mentions, partly because of the higher influence of snowballing in identifying relevant nodes. We discuss the implications of this bias for the study of diffusion dynamics and political communication through social media, and advocate the need for more uniform sampling procedures to study online communication.