Beyond mean fitness: Demographic stochasticity and resilience matter at tree species climatic edges

• Published in: Global ecology and biogeography Vol. 32; no. 4; pp. 573 - 585
• Main Authors: Guyennon, Arnaud, Reineking, Björn, Salguero‐Gomez, Roberto, Dahlgren, Jonas, Lehtonen, Aleksi, Ratcliffe, Sophia, Ruiz‐Benito, Paloma, Zavala, Miguel A., Kunstler, Georges
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.04.2023; Wiley
• Subjects: Angiosperms; biogeography; Climate; Climate change; Climate Research; cold; Demographics; Demography; Disturbances; Ecology; Ekologi; Environmental impact; Environmental Sciences; European tree species; extinction; Finland; Fitness; forest inventory; France; Germany; Growth rate; Gymnosperms; Impact prediction; integral projection model; Klimatforskning; Life cycles; Life Sciences; Local population; Plant species; Population; Population dynamics; Populations; Recovery; Resilience; risk; Spain; Species; Species extinction; species range; Stochasticity; Sweden; trees; Sweden; France; Germany; Finland; Spain; species range; stochasticity; recovery; European tree species; integral projection model; population dynamics
• ISSN: 1466-822X; 1466-8238; 1466-8238; 1466-822X
• DOI: 10.1111/geb.13640

Aim Linking local population dynamics and species distributions is crucial to predicting the impacts of climate change. Although many studies focus on the mean fitness of populations, theory shows that species distributions can be shaped by demographic stochasticity or population resilience. Here, we examine how mean fitness (measured by invasion rate), demographic stochasticity and resilience (measured by the ability to recover from disturbance) constrain populations at the edges compared with the climatic centre. Location Europe: Spain, France, Germany, Finland and Sweden. Period Forest inventory data used for fitting the models cover the period from 1985 to 2013. Major taxa Dominant European tree species; angiosperms and gymnosperms. Methods We developed dynamic population models covering the entire life cycle of 25 European tree species with climatically dependent recruitment models fitted to forest inventory data. We then ran simulations using integral projection and individual‐based models to test how invasion rates, risk of stochastic extinction and ability to recover from stochastic disturbances differ between the centre and edges of the climatic niches of species. Results Results varied among species, but in general, demographic constraints were stronger at warm edges and for species in harsher climates. Conversely, recovery was more limiting at cold edges. In addition, we found that for several species, constraints at the edges were attributable to demographic stochasticity and capacity for recovery rather than mean fitness. Main conclusions Our results highlight that mean fitness is not the only mechanism at play at the edges; demographic stochasticity and population capacity to recover also matter for European tree species. To understand how climate change will drive species range shifts, future studies will need to analyse the interplay between population mean growth rate and stochastic demographic processes in addition to disturbances.