Examining spatiotemporal salinity dynamics in the Mekong River Delta using Landsat time series imagery and a spatial regression approach

• Published in: The Science of the total environment Vol. 687; pp. 1087 - 1097
• Main Authors: Tran, Thuong V., Tran, Duy X., Myint, Soe W., Huang, Cho-ying, Pham, Hoa V., Luu, Tung H., Vo, Tien M.T.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 15.10.2019
• Subjects: Drought; Enhanced Salinity Index (ESI); Landsat; Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI); Vietnam; Vietnam; Enhanced Salinity Index (ESI); Drought; Landsat; Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.056

Most coastal areas globally face water shortages in the dry season due to salinization and drought. The Mekong River Delta (MRD) is recognized as the “Rice Bowl” in Vietnam but the negative effects of salinization and drought have damaged rice production in recent decades. However, regional assessment of the perturbation has been lacking. A Landsat-based satellite salinity index, the Enhanced Salinity Index (ESI), was developed in this study to explore patterns of annual salinity variations in agricultural land and their relationship to drought in the MRD from 1989 to 2018. The performance of the index was superior to that of other previously published remotely sensed indices, based on correlations with field measurements of electrical conductivity (i.e. groundwater and soil EC), which can be used as a proxy for salinity. The time-series ESI was then utilized to explore the spatiotemporal dynamics of salinity in the study area using the Theil-Send median trend (TS) and Mann-Kendall significance tests (MK). In addition, temporal relationships with the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) were used to investigate the relationship between drought and saline intrusion. Our results showed that freshwater and brackish areas increased inland, whereas those developed for shrimp farming may increase soil and groundwater salinity. A negative correlation between drought and salinity was also observed in surface water where fish and shrimp farming activities took place, while a positive relationship was discovered in rice and annual cropland areas. This study highlights the use of ESI as an effective parameter for modelling vegetation salinity and its relationship with cropland change. We also demonstrate the feasibility of integrating satellite imagery with spatiotemporal analyses to monitor and assess regional salinization dynamics. [Display omitted] •We developed a new Landsat-based satellite salinity index, called the Enhanced Salinity Index (ESI).•The performance of ESI was superior to that of other previously published remotely sensed indices.•Spatial regression and ESI were used to explore the dynamics of salinity in the Mekong River Delta.•ESI and NDWI were applied to examine the relationship between drought and saline intrusion.•There was positive correlation between drought and salinity in rice and annual cropland areas.