Elevated costly avoidance in anxiety disorders: Patients show little downregulation of acquired avoidance in face of competing rewards for approach

• Published in: Depression and anxiety Vol. 38; no. 3; pp. 361 - 371
• Main Authors: Pittig, Andre, Boschet, Juliane M., Glück, Valentina M., Schneider, Kristina
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Hindawi Limited 01.03.2021
• Subjects: Agoraphobia; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; approach‐avoidance conflict; Arousal; Avoidance behavior; Avoidance Learning; Down-Regulation; Expectancy; Extinction, Psychological; Fear; Fear conditioning; Humans; instrumental avoidance; Operant conditioning; panic disorder and agoraphobia; Patients; Psychopathology; Reward; Social anxiety; social anxiety disorder; anxiety disorders; approach-avoidance conflict; fear conditioning; instrumental avoidance; panic disorder and agoraphobia; social anxiety disorder
• ISSN: 1091-4269; 1520-6394
• DOI: 10.1002/da.23119

Background Pathological avoidance is a transdiagnostic characteristic of anxiety disorders. Avoidance conditioning re‐emerged as a translational model to examine mechanisms and treatment of avoidance. However, its validity for anxiety disorders remains unclear. Methods This study tested for altered avoidance in patients with anxiety disorders compared to matched controls (n = 40/group) using instrumental conditioning assessing low‐cost avoidance (avoiding a single aversive outcome) and costly avoidance (avoidance conflicted with gaining rewards). Autonomic arousal and threat expectancy were assessed as indicators of conditioned fear. Associations with dimensional symptom severity were examined. Results Patients and controls showed frequent low‐cost avoidance without group differences. Controls subsequently inhibited avoidance to gain rewards, which was amplified when aversive outcomes discontinued. In contrast, patients failed to reduce avoidance when aversive and positive outcomes competed (elevated costly avoidance) and showed limited reduction when aversive outcomes discontinued (persistent costly avoidance). Interestingly, elevated costly avoidance was not linked to higher conditioned fear in patients. Moreover, individual data revealed a bimodal distribution of costly avoidance: Some patients showed persistent avoidance, others showed little to no avoidance. Persistent versus low avoiders did not differ in other task‐related variables, response to gains and losses in absence of threat, sociodemographic data, or clinical characteristics. Conclusions Findings suggest that anxious psychopathology is associated with a deficit to inhibit avoidance in presence of competing positive outcomes. This offers novel perspectives for research on mechanisms and treatment of anxiety disorders.