Chloroquine-induced glioma cells death is associated with mitochondrial membrane potential loss, but not oxidative stress

• Published in: Free radical biology & medicine Vol. 90; pp. 91 - 100
• Main Authors: Vessoni, Alexandre Teixeira, Quinet, Annabel, Andrade-Lima, Leonardo Carmo de, Martins, Davi Jardim, Garcia, Camila Carrião Machado, Rocha, Clarissa Ribeiro Reily, Vieira, Debora Braga, Menck, Carlos Frederico Martins
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.01.2016
• Subjects: Acetylcysteine - pharmacology; Autophagy; Cell Death - drug effects; Cell Line, Tumor; Chloroquine; Chloroquine - pharmacology; Glioma; Glioma - drug therapy; Glioma - metabolism; Glioma - pathology; Glutathione; Humans; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial - drug effects; Mitochondrial membrane potential; Oxidative stress; Oxidative Stress - drug effects; Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism; MMP; NAC; Oxidative stress; GBM; Glioma; Chloroquine; CNS; Autophagy; AVs; CQ; Mitochondrial membrane potential; Glutathione
• ISSN: 0891-5849; 1873-4596
• DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.008

Chloroquine (CQ), a quinolone derivative widely used to treat and prevent malaria, has been shown to exert a potent adjuvant effect when combined with conventional glioblastoma therapy. Despite inducing lysosome destabilization and activating p53 in human glioma cells, the mechanisms underlying cell death induced by this drug are poorly understood. Here, we analyzed in a time- and dose-dependent manner, the effects of CQ upon mitochondria integrity, autophagy regulation and redox processes in four human glioma cell lines that differ in their resistance to this drug. NAC-containing media protected cells against CQ-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), autophagic vacuoles (LC3II) accumulation and loss of cell viability induced by CQ. However, we noticed that part of this protection was due to media acidification in NAC preparations, alerting for problems in experimental procedures using NAC. The results indicate that although CQ induces accumulation of LC3II, mitochondria, and oxidative stress, neither of these events is clearly correlated to cell death induced by this drug. The only event elicited in all cell lines at equitoxic doses of CQ was the loss of MMP, indicating that mitochondrial stability is important for cells resistance to this drug. Finally, the data indicate that higher steady-state MMP values can predict cell resistance to CQ treatment. •Cells' sensitivity to CQ associates to MMP loss, but not necessarily to ROS levels.•Steady-state MMP predicts glioma cells' sensitivity to CQ.•NAC-mediated extracellular acidification protects glioma cells from CQ.