A high-fat diet impairs cardiac high-energy phosphate metabolism and cognitive function in healthy human subjects

• Published in: The American journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 93; no. 4; pp. 748 - 755
• Main Authors: Holloway, Cameron J, Cochlin, Lowri E, Emmanuel, Yaso, Murray, Andrew, Codreanu, Ion, Edwards, Lindsay M, Szmigielski, Cezary, Tyler, Damian J, Knight, Nicholas S, Saxby, Brian K, Lambert, Bridget, Thompson, Campbell, Neubauer, Stefan, Clarke, Kieran
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Bethesda, MD Elsevier Inc 01.04.2011; American Society for Nutrition; American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc
• Subjects: adenosine triphosphate; Adenosine Triphosphate - metabolism; Adult; adverse effects; Affect; Affect - drug effects; Attention; Attention - drug effects; Biological and medical sciences; blood; brain; Carbohydrates; cardiac output; cognition; Cognition & reasoning; Cognition - drug effects; Cross-Over Studies; Diet; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted - psychology; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Carbohydrates - pharmacology; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fats - adverse effects; drug effects; Echocardiography; emotions; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Energy Metabolism - drug effects; fat intake; fatty acid composition; Fatty acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified - blood; Feeding. Feeding behavior; free fatty acids; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; heart; Heart - physiology; high fat diet; Humans; image analysis; low carbohydrate diet; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; metabolism; NMR; Nuclear magnetic resonance; pharmacology; Phosphates; phosphocreatine; Phosphocreatine - metabolism; physiology; Plasma; psychology; Reference Values; spectroscopy; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; weight loss; Young Adult; Heart; Human; High energy phosphate; Healthy subject; Diet; Fat; Cognition; Circulatory system; Metabolism; Feeding
• ISSN: 0002-9165; 1938-3207; 1938-3207
• DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.002758

Background: High-fat, low-carbohydrate diets are widely used for weight reduction, but they may also have detrimental effects via increased circulating free fatty acid concentrations. Objective: We tested whether raising plasma free fatty acids by using a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet results in alterations in heart and brain in healthy subjects. Design: Men (n = 16) aged 22 ± 1 y (mean ± SE) were randomly assigned to 5 d of a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet containing 75 ± 1% of calorie intake through fat consumption or to an isocaloric standard diet providing 23 ± 1% of calorie intake as fat. In a crossover design, subjects undertook the alternate diet after a 2-wk washout period, with results compared after the diet periods. Cardiac 31P magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy and MR imaging, echocardiography, and computerized cognitive tests were used to assess cardiac phosphocreatine (PCr)/ATP, cardiac function, and cognitive function, respectively. Results: Compared with the standard diet, subjects who consumed the high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet had 44% higher plasma free fatty acids (P < 0.05), 9% lower cardiac PCr/ATP (P < 0.01), and no change in cardiac function. Cognitive tests showed impaired attention (P < 0.01), speed (P < 0.001), and mood (P < 0.01) after the high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. Conclusion: Raising plasma free fatty acids decreased myocardial PCr/ATP and reduced cognition, which suggests that a high-fat diet is detrimental to heart and brain in healthy subjects.