Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust in Singapore

• Published in: Chemosphere (Oxford) Vol. 66; no. 6; pp. 985 - 992
• Main Authors: Tan, Jing, Cheng, Si Min, Loganath, Annamalai, Chong, Yap Seng, Obbard, Jeffrey Philip
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 2007; Elsevier
• Subjects: Air. Soil. Water. Waste. Feeding; Applied sciences; Atmospheric pollution; Biological and medical sciences; Brominated flame retardant; Buildings. Public works; Dust - analysis; Environment. Living conditions; Environmental Exposure - analysis; Ethers - analysis; Exact sciences and technology; House dust; Housing; Human exposure; Indoor pollution and occupational exposure; Medical sciences; PBDEs; Pollution; Pollution indoor buildings; Polybrominated Biphenyls - analysis; Public health. Hygiene; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine; Singapore; Asia; Singapore; Singapore; Brominated flame retardant; PBDEs; House dust; Human exposure; Human; Chemical analysis; Ether; Flame retardant; Housing; Inhalation; Concentration measurement; Gas chromatography; Health and environment; Indoor pollution; Bromine Organic compounds; Aromatic compound; Mass spectrometry; Public health
• ISSN: 0045-6535; 1879-1298
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.052

The use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as flame retardants in Singapore is not strictly regulated; therefore these compounds can be readily found in furniture, electronic devices, and building materials. This study was the first of its kind to be conducted in Singapore to measure concentrations of PBDEs in house dust. Samples were collected from 31 homes in various locations across the island-state of Singapore, and a total eight PBDEs congeners were measured. PBDEs were detected in all 31 dust samples and the number of BDE congener detected per home ranged between 3 and 8. The most abundant BDE congeners found were BDE 47, 99 and 209, with a median value of 20 ng g −1 dust, 24 ng g −1 dust and 1000 ng g −1 dust, respectively. BDE 209 contributed 88% to the median of all the congeners, and BDE 47 and 99 contributed 1.8% and 3.5%, respectively. Different congener profiles were observed between this and studies conducted elsewhere, which is consistent with the use of different commercial PBDE around the world. No significant correlations between PBDE dust levels and residential characteristics (number of TVs and computers, floor area or flooring material) were observed. The daily intake of PBDEs via the inhalation pathway was estimated. House dust may be regarded as the most important exposure route of PBDEs for children.