Ethanol membrane reformer and PEMFC system for automotive application

• Published in: Fuel (Guildford) Vol. 90; no. 2; pp. 739 - 747
• Main Author: De Falco, Marcello
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 01.02.2011; Elsevier
• Subjects: Applied sciences; Density; Energy; Energy. Thermal use of fuels; Equipments for energy generation and conversion: thermal, electrical, mechanical energy, etc; Ethanol; Ethyl alcohol; Exact sciences and technology; Fuel cells; Fuels; H 2 selective membrane; Hydrogen storage; Liquid fuels; Mathematical models; Membrane reactor; Membranes; PEMFC; Reactors; Reformer; H 2 selective membrane; Membrane reactor; Reformer; PEMFC; Costs; Gas mixture; Ethanol; Residence time; Hydrogen; H; Palladium; Water vapor; Density; Operating conditions; Liquid fuel; Storage; Simulation; Substitution; Heating; Membrane; Mathematical model; selective membrane; Fuel cell
• ISSN: 0016-2361; 1873-7153
• DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.09.054

The wide diffusion of fuel cell (FC) powered Zero-Emissions Vehicles (ZEVs) is stopped by hydrogen storage technological drawbacks, as high cost and low storage volume density. This obstacle can be overcome if a fuel processor, able to produce H 2 to be fed to FC from a liquid fuel, is installed. In the present work, an innovative clean power generator for light-vehicles is presented, modelled and designed. Such a generator is realized by coupling the most market-appeal clean liquid fuel, the ethanol, and the most technologically strengthened and the only off-the-shelf fuel cell type, the PEMFC, by applying a membrane reactor (MR) for converting ethanol and separating the hydrogen produced in one single and compact device. A process scheme is described and a 4-tubes-and shell membrane reactor is modelled by means of a rigorous homogeneous 2D mathematical model, validated by experimental data. The effect of most important operating conditions, as gas mixture residence time, heating fluid temperature, steam-to-ethanol and sweeping-to ethanol ratios, operating pressure, is evaluated via simulation and optimal conditions are defined. Then, by applying the optimal conditions set, a design of ethanol MR + PEMFC system in substitution of a 4 kW Pb-battery pack for a light vehicle is proposed. Final results attest that a 1.52 m long, 0.4 m large 4-tubes-and-shell membrane reactor (total volume equal to 0.76 m 3) is able to produce 64.7 NL/min of hydrogen, equal to the 4 kW FC feedstock requirement. The MR ethanol conversion is 98% and the percentage of H 2 recovered through the Pd–Ag selective membrane on total H 2 produced in the reactor is 67% about.