Quantitative source apportionment and human toxicity of indoor trace metals at university buildings

• Published in: Building and environment Vol. 121; pp. 238 - 246
• Main Authors: Ali, Mohd Yasreen, Hanafiah, Marlia M., Khan, Md Firoz, Latif, Mohd Talib
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 15.08.2017
• Subjects: Carcinogenic; Human health risk; Indoor air quality; Non-carcinogenic; Particulate matter; Source apportionment; Carcinogenic; Non-carcinogenic; Human health risk; Source apportionment; Particulate matter; Indoor air quality
• ISSN: 0360-1323; 1873-684X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.05.032

This study focuses on the source apportionment principal component analysis of indoor particulate matter (PM10) composition in two university buildings with different ventilation systems. A low volume sampler using Teflon filter paper was used to collect the PM10 samples and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentration of heavy metals. The potential human health damage due to the inhalation of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic elements was also determined based on the USEPA standard. The results showed PM10 concentrations recorded in Building 1 and Building 2 ranged between 19.1 and 237 μg m−3 and 23.4–159 μg m−3, respectively. In Building 1, the principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression (MLR) showed that the main sources of pollutants in PM10 were the crustal source (20%), indoor-induced (8%), urban origin (7%) and the Earth's crust (6%). The main sources of pollutants in Building 2 were combustion (21%), biogenic (6%), anthropogenic (4%) and crustal (3%). The effective lifetime carcinogenic risks (ELCR) in Buildings 1 and 2 were 1.90E-3 and 1.65E-4, respectively. The hazard quotient (HQ) represents the non-carcinogenic risk, with 7.73 and 6.46 in Building 1 and Building 2, respectively. These ECLR and HQ values exceed the acceptable limit and are higher compared to the standard from the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Guidelines for the assessment of carcinogen risk. It was suggested that different types of ventilation influence the PM10 distribution in buildings and associated risks towards the occupant's health and indoor air quality. •Two ventilated buildings were evaluated for PM10 and its potential sources.•Crustal and combustion are two major sources of indoor PM10.•EF calculations suggested that Cd and Cr originated from anthropogenic sources.•ELCR and HI values recorded in both buildings were higher than the acceptable limit.